2021 Virtual Conference of the Society of Ethnobiology, May 12–14, 2021

2021 Conference Program

(Presentations marked with an asterisk are being considered for the Barbara Lawrence Award.)

Wednesday May 12, 2021

07:15 to 08:03 (Wednesday)

Human Relationships with Cycads

Session Organizer(s)/Chair(s):

Mark Bonta

Session Description

Cycads (order Cycadales), around 350 extant species of palm-like gymnosperms, are the most endangered group of biota on the planet. Despite containing high levels of toxins, they are used worldwide by local and Indigenous people for ceremonies and diets. In these roles, they often take on extraordinary significance as markers of power and prestige, and are frequently associated with the transitional realm between life and afterlife. Papers in this session examine the ethnobiology of cycads in a diverse array of contexts.

Time (UTC-7)	Abstract
07:15	Cycads as Narcotics First Author: Bonta , Mark Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Bonta , Mark Cycads are ingested for narcotic purposes and are likely hallucinogens. The Nahuatl term “peyote” is applied in Mexico to species used as narcotics both in ritual and in recreational context. Elsewhere in the Americas, extreme secrecy surrounds shamanic uses of Zamia, suggesting narcotic consumption. In South Africa, Encephalartos is consumed ritually and recreationally for its narcotic properties. Elsewhere in the world, traditional cycad nomenclature suggests they are valued for their mind-altering properties. Given cycads’ pronounced neurotoxicity, the cost of BMAA consumption to users may be considerable, unless the narcotic is somehow rendered safe. In Mexico as well as South Africa, damage to wild populations is occurring because of a clandestine market in the drug. Nevertheless, the fact that shamans use them offers the potential for understanding more about the often-exalted roles of cycads in traditional society, for example their deification in Mexico as maize gods.
07:27	Cycads in Vanuatu: Tabu mo Kot First Author: Osiievskyi , Yevhenii Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Osiievskyi , Yevhenii - National University of "Kyiv-Mohyla Academy" The leaves of cycads (“namele” in Bislama) appear as one of the most prominent objects in the symbolic vocabulary of Vanuatu archipelago since the time the first ethnographic accounts on the territory were written. They continue to occupy a privileged place in the country’s culture today: namele leaves are portrayed on Vanuatu’s flag, used in the practice of traditional courts, and chiefly authorities. Based on the material primarily gathered at three research sites (Espiritu Santo, Pentecost, Malekula) this review identifies key reference frameworks from the archipelago in which cycads are invoked and deployed. The first such locus is the use of cycads as a commemorative marker – to distinguish places of particular ritual or supernatural significance. Second, the presentation of cycad leaves as a symbol of reconciliation in the contexts of court hearings and, historically, peace restoration between the belligerent groups. Third, as an emblem of chiefly authority across the wide spectrum of situations.
07:39	Revisiting Sotetsu Heritage: Cycad-Human Relationships in the Ryukyu Islands and Japan First Author: Englehardt , Joshua Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Englehardt , Joshua - El Colegio de Michoacan Carrasco , Michael - Florida State University This paper explores the place of cycads in Japanese culture, with a specific focus on Cycas revoluta in the Ryukyu archipelago’s Amami Islands. Although a wealth of ethnohistorical and genomic evidence points to the sustained alimentary and symbolic significance of cycads as a managed wild food in this region since the Pleistocene-Holocene transition, their role in Amamian foodways and agroecological systems remains relatively underappreciated, and the broader features of this intriguing aspect of regional culture remain virtually unknown outside Japan. Accordingly, we adopt a critical heritage framework to parse the social and environmental roles of cycads in ancient and modern Amamian cultural practices. Through examples from these and neighboring contexts, we seek to highlight this unique biocultural patrimony, both to contribute to wider scholarly discourse on wild foods in pre-grain subsistence strategies and to incentivize holistic preservation of the practices, histories, and values related to Japanese cycad heritage.
07:51	Cycad regulation and community creation First Author: Blaser Mapitsa , Caitlin Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Blaser Mapitsa , Caitlin - University of the Witwatersrand Cycads play a central role in balobedu cultural mythology, with widespread acknowledgement for their cultural and spiritual value, as well as their practical use in rainmaking and coronation ceremonies. However, due to the conservation concerns with South African cycad species, most of which are endangered and all of which are protected, the ownership, trade, and use of cycads is heavily regulated. This piece of research explores how processes of regulation are understood by balobedu communities, where traditional authority and state authority may collaborate around conservation efforts, but are also perceived very differently in communities. Processes of cycad regulation both reenforce and challenge certain aspects of community identity.

Time (UTC-7)	Abstract
11:00	Cultural and Economic Values of Eucalyptus, Cedar, and Olive in Northwestern Ethiopia First Author: Ruelle , Morgan Presentation format: Oral (pre-recorded) Author(s): Ruelle , Morgan - Clark University Asfaw , Zemede - Addis Ababa University Since the late 19^th century, farmers throughout the Ethiopian highlands have planted Eucalyptus spp. as an alternative fuel, construction material, boundary marker, and source of cash income. Eucalyptus now dominates woody vegetation, while indigenous species such as cedar (Juniperus procera) and olive (Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata) are increasingly rare. Based on interviews, preference ranking, and participatory mapping with farmers in Debark, northwestern Ethiopia, we compare the cultural and economic values of eucalyptus, cedar, and olive. Eucalyptus is appreciated for its high growth rate, coppicing ability, multifunctionality, and market price, whereas cedar and olive have greater cultural values, including close association with the Ethiopian Orthodox church. Although they continue to plant eucalyptus in place of indigenous trees, many farmers are concerned that its proliferation contributes to a warmer, drier landscape. The case study reveals a tension between intangible values and more measurable benefits of human-plant relations.
11:12	Bulrush: a Meal under the Mire First Author: Lloyd , T. Abe Presentation format: Oral (pre-recorded) Author(s): Lloyd , T. Abe - Salal, the Cascadian Food Institute While many species of bulrush (Bolboschoenus spp., Schoenoplectus spp., and formerly Scirpus spp.; Cyperaceae) in western North America provide widely celebrated weaving materials, their food use is poorly documented and difficult to attribute to species. I reviewed ethnographic literature and examined "root" morphology and taste in an attempt to sort out ambiguities and highlight this productive, caloric, and tasty group of vegetables for indigenous food revitilzation efforts.
11:24	Opportunities and Challenges for Enhancing the Seed System of Northern New York First Author: Balog , Laurel Presentation format: Oral (pre-recorded) Author(s): Balog , Laurel - Prescott College Currey , Robin C. D. - Prescott College Seeds are the basis of our food system, yet crop diversity is eroding. Web-based surveys sought to identify the prevalence and richness of saved seeds and the sources of seeds for St. Lawrence County, NY (n=21) residents to understand food system strengths and weaknesses from agrobiodiversity and seed sovereignty perspectives. Seed saver respondents (n=18) saved 67.2% (39) of the 58 ethnotaxa grown. All savers use their personal seed stocks (100.0%), and the majority use market sources (77.8%). However, only 11 ethnotaxa were widely grown and saved (at rates 50% or higher by respondents), revealing an opportunity to increase seed saving for many ethnotaxa. Content analyses revealed that seed saving motivations were related to ensuring high-quality crops and seed sovereignty, the ability to choose, access, and determine what crops/varieties are grown. Enhancing personal seed stocks and informal networks may provide additional seed sovereignty and agrobiodiversity capacities in the region.
11:36	A Woman in the Genesis of the Ethnobotany of Indigenous Peoples in Brazil: Revisiting Thekla Hartmann and her “Nomenclatura Botânica entre os Borôro” First Author: Coimbra Jr. , Carlos Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Coimbra Jr. , Carlos - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz The literature addressing Brazilian ethnobotany among traditional populations is extensive but often consists of long lists of plants without contextualization in the cultural universe of the people studied. Anthropologist Thekla Hartmann from the Museu Paulista at the University of São Paulo is responsible for presenting the first truly “ethno” contribution to Indigenous botany in Brazil. In the early-1960s, Hartmann conducted fieldwork with the Bororo in Central Brazil, addressing cultural and linguistic issues relevant to understanding the Indigenous classificatory system. In addition, she collected plant specimens for subsequent identification. The results of this research were published by the Institute of Brazilian Studies at the University of São Paulo in 1967 but, unfortunately, seem to have had very little circulation in the academic environment. In this paper I recuperate this relevant study which, due to its primacy and depth, should be used more by those who wish to study Indigenous ethnobotany in Brazil.
11:48	Western Cosmology, Scientific Inquiry, and the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest First Author: Khatib , Sara Presentation format: Oral (pre-recorded) Author(s): Khatib , Sara - University of Oregon The H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest (HJA) is located in the Western Cascades of Oregon. During the post-world war years, demand for timber skyrocketed and the fervor of progress took over the HJA as foresters converted old-growth forests into tree plantations for timber production. Scientific forestry aimed to shift forestry toward an agriculture model. During the 1970s, the research at HJA away from industrial forestry and toward ecosystem ecology. This tradition depicted the forest as a de-historicized and bounded machine. In more recent years, dynamic ecology has come to conceptualize the uncertainties and indeterminacy of forest landscapes. These social constructs of the forest parallel certain cultural worldviews. In this paper, I will address these different traditions of science and the philosophical perception of nature that underlie them. The findings are derived from ethnographic fieldwork, semi-structured interviews, and archival analysis of oral histories, research publications, and NSF proposals.
12:00	Values in Forest Gardens: Living Museums and School Gardens of El Pilar First Author: Ford , Anabel Presentation format: Oral (pre-recorded) Author(s): Ford , Anabel - Exploring Solutions Past~The Maya Forest Alliance Ellis Topsey , Cynthia - Duke of Edinburgh Awards International Belize It is no accident that the dominant Maya Forest plants are all useful. Generations over millennia crafted a landscape that to satisfy the necessities of life. We are reawakening inherent connections to the forest gardens based on the living museum at the El Pilar Archaeological Reserve for Maya Flora and Fauna of Belize and Guatemala. Understanding the value of the traditional farmer knowledge is a requisite for ensuring food sovereignty and conservation for the future of this tropical woodland. Heterogeneous and biodiverse, forest gardens constitute the strength of the community, relying on the local farming households as action to mitigate climate change. Today, Maya forest gardeners’ intimate knowledge of their landscape is a model of a sustainable co-creative process to reduce temperature, maintain biodiversity, conserve water, enhance soil fertility, reduce erosion, care for people and provide inspiration all over our planet.

Time (UTC-7)	Abstract
11:00	Exploring Rodent Caches as a Source of Archaeobotanical Data: Investigations from Bartram’s Garden, Philadelphia First Author: Mitchem , Alexandria Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Mitchem , Alexandria - Columbia University White , Chantel - University of Pennsylvania Miller , Naomi - University of Pennyslvania Bartram’s Garden, the oldest surviving commercial botanical garden in the United States, possesses a unique history of North American plants exported to Europe during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. During architectural restorations of the Bartram home, a rodent cache was found under the attic floorboards. It contained a variety of materials from the Bartram property, including botanical remains, newspaper and parchment fragments, cloth fragments, and faunal bone. While challenges exist in analyzing rodent cached materials, so do unique advantages. The Bartram’s cache offers the rare opportunity to study well-preserved remains of an historic garden, most notably plants that may have been omitted from or mislabeled in contemporary commercial seed catalogues. In this paper, we investigate the formation of rodent caches and address issues with dating these assemblages, in order to explore the cultivated spaces of Bartram’s that were central to constructing and mitigating early American indetinites.
11:12	Kaitiakitanga and Urban Restoration First Author: Walker , Erana Presentation format: Oral (pre-recorded) Author(s): Walker , Erana - The University of Waikato Indigenous relationships to the environment are embedded in narratives and cultural practices. Such relationships to the environment have been maintained by Māori in Aotearoa New Zealand for many generations through a practical philosophy often described as kaitiakitanga. Place and practice are inextricably linked in traditional Māori narratives; a connection constructed through the creation narratives and the concept of whakapapa. Many Indigenous peoples now grapple with new circumstances, including the rise of urban spaces. Urban spaces present new challenges in maintaining the place-making processes of connection to the natural world including indigenous relationships with water bodies. As the population of urban Māori continues to grow, exploration of key components of kaitiakitanga such as place, whakapapa, intergenerational knowledge, engagement and spirituality is needed. How these components of kaitiakitanga intersect with the ecological restoration of the urban space could provide new collaborative opportunities between people and nature.
11:24	New Insights into Ancient Potato Detoxification: Distinguishing Chuño Type in Modern and Archaeological Starch Granules First Author: Melton , Mallory Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Melton , Mallory - University of California-Santa Barbara Analysis of starch residues from sediments, surfaces, and dental calculus has proven to be a powerful tool for identifying the types of plants and preparation methods used by ancient peoples. Although morphological signatures for boiling and baking have been well-studied, less understood are the impacts of chuño production – involving freeze-drying, burying, and sun exposure – on the integrity of potato starch granules. This paper compares size metrics and qualitative attributes of modern starch granules in chuño purchased from markets in different parts of the Andes. Results reveal statistical differences in starch granule size between the two production methods, in addition to characteristic morphological attributes. This study provides an unprecedented set of criteria for identifying archaeological evidence of potato detoxification (a prerequisite for domestication) and production strategies for chuño, one of the most popular food resources in the modern-day Andes.
11:36	Starch grain morphometrics as a proxy for water regime influence on Zea mays in Range Creek Canyon, Utah. First Author: Wilks , Stefania Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Wilks , Stefania - University of Utah A wealth of information on the global patterns of human subsistence and plant domestication has been generated from studies on the starch grains of Zea mays (maize). Very little work, however, has been conducted on how the size and morphology of those grains might change if exposed to different environmental contexts (e.g., the amount of water parent plants receive). In the arid Southwest, the role of irrigation in growing maize is an important parameter in many foraging models. Our study seeks to determine if there are significant changes in the size or morphological attributes of starch grains from maize planted at Range Creek under six different irrigation regimes ranging from no irrigation to ample. Our results provide data on the impact of irrigation on the size and morphology of starch grains and, therefore, have implications for identifying archaeological maize and possibly determining past water regimes at Range Creek Canyon.
11:48	Traditional Uses of Cannabis: A Comprehensive Analysis of the CANNUSE Database First Author: Balant , Manica Presentation format: Oral (pre-recorded) Author(s): Balant , Manica - Botanical Institute of Barcelona Gras , Airy - Botanical Institute of Barcelona Gàlvez , Fran - BioScripts Ruz , Mario - University of Barcelona Vallès , Joan - University of Barcelona Vitales , Daniel - Botanical Institute of Barcelona Garnatje , Teresa - Botanical Institute of Barcelona Nowadays, new applications of Cannabis are continuously being developed, but knowledge about its traditional uses is declining. The CANNUSE database presented here provides an organized information source on different aspects of Cannabis use and serves as a starting point for development of R&D strategies based on traditional knowledge. It contains data from 649 publications from 41 countries; more than 70% of data entries are represented by medicinal use, followed by psychoactive and alimentary use, and most common plant parts are leaf (50.51%) and seed (15.38%). Human medicinal use represents more than half of data entries. We recorded treatments for 210 ailments, the most common being sedative (6.02%), analgesic (5.84%), antidiarrhoeal (3.01%) and antihaemorrhoidal (2.52%). There is a significant relationship between system category or ailments treatment and plant parts used; leaf is associated with treatment of wounds and haemorrhoids, seeds with musculoskeletal system disorders and traumas, and inflorescence as a sedative.
12:00	EFFECT OF LEAF EXTRACT OF LANTANA CAMARA WITH MAIZE-BASED COATING ON THE QUALITY OF FRESH-CUT FRUITS OF ANANAS COMOSUS AND MUSA ACUMINATA First Author: ADEOGUN , OLUWAGBENGA Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): ADEOGUN , OLUWAGBENGA - University of Lagos Fresh-cut fruits of pineapple and banana have a relatively short shelf-life, hence the need to enhance their quality. Preservation effect of ethanolic extract of leaf of Lantana camara (10%w/v) incorporated with maize-based edible coating on fresh-cut fruits of banana and pineapple were determined. The quality assessment of coated fruits at ambient temperature (PEC); untreated fruits (NTS), sodium benzoates (BSB) at ambient temperature, and a coated sample (PEC@4) at 4oC were analysed at intervals for 15 days. The quantitative phytochemical constituents of the extracts were assayed. The extract's phytochemical analysis shows high yields of tannins, flavonoids, anthraquinones, and low yields of alkaloids and cardiac glycosides. The quality assessment of the test fresh-cut fruits revealed higher preservation activity in PEC@4 of banana and pineapple, followed by a considerable efficacy of PEC of banana and pineapple. This study shows that the extract of L. camara incorporated with maize-based coating could enhance the fresh-cut fruits of pineapple and banana.

Time (UTC-7)	Abstract
12:45	Cultural Recognition of Avian Biodiversity in Mexican Indigenous Communities First Author: Alcantara Salinas , Graciela Presentation format: Oral (pre-recorded) Author(s): Alcantara Salinas , Graciela - College of Postgraduates-Research Associate Hunn , Eugene S. - University of Washington Biodiversity conservation conventions value biodiversity for its own sake, singling out species vulnerable to extinction. We argue that cultural recognition of biodiversity within Indigenous rural communities is as important to conserve biodiversity as strictly biological considerations. We combine these perspectives with a focus on avifauna. We summarize ethno-ornithological studies of nine Indigenous communities from northwestern Mexico to the Yucatan Peninsula. Each community occupies a fraction of the Mexican national territory and each might encounter a fraction of the 900-odd birds of regular occurrence in Mexico, in our sample, 200-270 species. Cultural recognition first requires naming. In our case studies, 87-150 distinct bird names are recorded per community. We further rate cultural recognition with respect to material and/or immaterial “uses.”. We compare which birds are most often recognized culturally across our sample of Indigenous communities. Finally, we consider the correlation between strictly biological indices of vulnerability with cultural recognition.
12:57	Toward an Ethical Space of Engagement for Bridging Multiple Ways of Knowing in Aquatic Research and Monitoring First Author: Alexander , Steven M. Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Alexander , Steven M. - Fisheries and Oceans Canada Song , Christine - University of Toronto Klenk , Nicole - University of Toronto Littlechild , Danika - Carleton University "Ethical space” – first articulated by Cree philosopher Willie Ermine – is a promising framework for working across multiple ways of knowing. We build upon the growing theoretical and empirical work that has been done regarding ethical space in the context of decision-making, with a focus on research and monitoring. We present the results of a meta-analysis of 62 published case studies that aimed to bridge Indigenous science and Western science in aquatic research and monitoring in Canada. Based on a systematic map and in-depth qualitative analysis, we analyzed how levels of Indigenous participation and quality of participation varied in research implementation and identified 11 exemplar case studies. This cluster of case studies provides useful guidance on how to create and maintain an ethical space of engagement for bridging multiple ways of knowing. Our study also makes recommendations on how to improve research practices to achieve more meaningful and dialogical ethical spaces.
13:10	Mapping More-than-Human Worlds of Conservation in Bhutan First Author: Hecht , David Presentation format: Oral (pre-recorded) Author(s): Hecht , David - University of Georgia At the intersection of Tibetan Buddhism and indigenous ‘Bon’ animism in the Eastern Himalayas, complex spiritual and spatial ontologies exist between protective territorial deities (gnas bdag gzhi bdag, yul lha) and the communities that propitiate them. In Bhutan, a suite of local deities and non-human spirits are known to occupy territory, in forests, cliffs, trees, lakes, and springs, mediating relationships between people and their environments. Different local deity classes occupy and exhibit agency within a territory, areas described as “the deity’s palace” or “citadel of the deity” (pho brang). Such spatial ontologies inevitably intersect with the politics of conservation and development. While characteristics of gnas bdag gzhi bdag are historically documented in religious texts, there have been relatively few efforts to document this knowledge with community practitioners. Moreover, even fewer efforts to map deity citadels in a participatory capacity exist, precluding richer geographical understanding of their relational complexities, protected status, spatiality, and territoriality.
13:22	The colonial waters of New England - Abenaki and settler land use between 1500 and 1850 First Author: Schlag , Juliane Presentation format: Oral (pre-recorded) Author(s): Schlag , Juliane - Brown University The talk will look at three case studies from New England, showing how rivers and water bodies channeled human interactions of settler colonialism and created temporal and spatial defined resource extraction hierarchies. Using pollen data, archeological findings, and historical sources, the talk will discuss shifts in Abenaki and settler interactions with their local waterbodies tied to changes in the local colonial society and its consequences on the wider ecosystem of the region. Comparing three regions from different biomes in New England, the talk will highlight that any hydrological history of Abenaki people and settler colonialism encompasses the need to understand geographic features in light of long-term factures in socio-ecological relationships and its environmental consequences.
13:34	Up on the Mountains: Mapping ‛Ethnobotanical Emotions’ of Konitsa First Author: Markovic , Nevena Presentation format: Oral (pre-recorded) Author(s): Markovic , Nevena - The Institute of Heritage Sciences INCIPIT CSIC, UPV-EHU Tracing back ethnobotanical knowledge to the protection of nature through tradition, the paper looks at local knowledge and the use of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) in the area of Konitsa in Northern Epirus (Greece). This former agropastoral community belongs to the oak zone (Nitsiakos, 2016) and the Vikos-Aoos Geopark whose floristic value corresponds to 1/4 of the country’s plants. Salvia officinalis, Sideritis raeseri, Primula veris, Cistus incanus, and Orchis mascula appear to be among the species of the greatest knowledge and the frequency of use. Drawing on ethnobotany as the “science of survival” (Prance, 2007), and grounding ethnobotany in traditional knowledge and “experiential sustainability” (Nitsiakos, 2016), I test storytelling as affective practice (Nardi, 2016) through small personal stories and life-histories. By introducing the notion of ‛ethnobotanical emotions’, I argue that sounding out or mapping ethnobotanical narratives and associated affective practices can be a form of Emotional Mapping.
13:46	Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal & Edible Plant's Used by Indigenous Communities from Shahapur Tehsil of Thane District, Maharashtra, India* First Author: Kashivale , Gurunath Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Kashivale , Gurunath - Ph. D Scholar, The Institute of Science, Mumbai Kakde , Umesh - Associate Professor, The Institute of Science, Mumbai The Indigenous people depend upon the plant based remedies. In the present study area the major indigenous communities viz. Thakur, Katkari, Warli,that have been engaged in such practices. Their knowledge and practices almost lacking in written communication. The present study area, Shahapur a tribal tehsil, is the northern part of Konkan region which is located at 19.45° North Latitude 73.33° East Longitude which includes the Tansa Wildlife Sanctuary. Present study is the result of intensive, systematic, Ethnobotanical exploration of Shahpur Tehsil, made during the period from June 2018 to Feb 2020. During the present investigation, observations were made to record the medicinal and edible plants used by the tribals. Total 61 plants species belonging to 36 different families of angiosperm are being used by them for ethnobotanical purposes. Among them some plants are commonly used for human as well as veterinary purposes. About 16 plants (26%) are specifically used for fodder and veterinary diseases.

Time (UTC-7)	Abstract
12:45	Wild Meat Consumption in a Large Amazonian City in Northeastern Peru First Author: Briceño , Fiorella Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Briceño , Fiorella - Environmental Science and Policy Department, George Mason University Bowler , Mark - School of Engineering, Arts, Science & Technology, University of Suffolk Griffiths , Brian - School of Integrative Studies, George Mason University Gilmore , Michael - School of Integrative Studies, George Mason University Hunting is one of the most important drivers of large mammal population decline in the Amazon. Despite its significance, wild meat consumption in Amazonian cities is poorly understood. In Iquitos, the largest urban center of the Peruvian Amazon, there is access to a range of animal proteins, yet people still consume wild meat. To understand the importance of wild meat to food security, and the sustainability of the trade current and accurate estimates of wild meat consumption are necessary. This research aims to tackle the complex question of how much wild meat people in Iquitos consume by systematically sampling the city and interviewing heads of households. It shows that consumption has increased and analyzes the change in species targeted by hunters for sale in urban markets in comparison to previous studies.
12:57	Sámi Perspectives on Green Colonialism: Responses to Climate Change First Author: Eloheimo , Marja Presentation format: Oral (pre-recorded) Author(s): Eloheimo , Marja - The Evergreen State College This presentation sheds light on ways in which ‘green’ approaches to mitigating climate change are perpetuating destructive colonial practices among the Sámi-- original people of what-is-now Norway, Sweden, Finland and NW Russia. These practices--including wind projects, dams, railroads, and mining--follow centuries of erasure, oppression, biological racism, and now climate change itself, which is dramatically disrupting basic traditions such as reindeer herding, fishing, and cross-border relations. How can we ensure that solutions to climate change do not undermine Sámis’ UN-recognized rights to land, language, and culture--all of which are interconnected? This presentation, which centers Sámi perspectives, draws upon conversations with seven Sámi people in Sápmi who represent activists, scholars, educators, reindeer herders, fishers, and artists.
13:10	Folk Conservation Methods for American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) in the Appalachian South First Author: Farley , Kate Presentation format: Oral (pre-recorded) Author(s): Farley , Kate - Washington University in St. Louis American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) is a slow-growing plant native to eastern North America that is harvested for its medicinal root. In the Appalachian mountains, searching for and harvesting wild ginseng is a popular activity as high-quality wild roots can be sold for upwards of $600 a pound. Because ginseng grows slowly and is so highly sought-after, its harvest is highly regulated. These regulations are sometimes in conflict with traditional or folk conservation methods, known locally as “good stewardship.” In this presentation, I will examine local understandings of “stewardship” and their conflicts with official regulations for wild ginseng population management. I will also address the implications of such regulations for traditional livelihood strategies among poor Appalachians. This presentation is based on data collected during 18 months of in-depth ethnographic research in North Carolina, West Virginia, and Kentucky in 2019 and 2020.
13:22	Appalachian Forest Farming: Research and community initiatives to preserve biocultural heritage and sovereignty, and diversify economic potentials with native perennial medicinal and food plants First Author: Huish , Ryan Presentation format: Oral (pre-recorded) Author(s): Huish , Ryan - The University of Virginia's College at Wise Davids , Kendall - The University of Virginia's College at Wise Wild/tended native food and medicinal plants/fungi play valuable but often overlooked roles in agricultural systems in many world cultures and warrant serious investigation for their potential to address environmental, cultural, economic, agricultural, and food sovereignty issues. One such example is the south-central Appalachian mountain region in the United States, which represents rich biological and cultural heritage. Here, we summarize our past, present, and future research and conservation efforts working with community members from various backgrounds. These projects include measuring the size and distribution of native medicinal plant harvests and sales; investigating what “sustainable harvests” may be; implementing economic incentives for responsible harvesting; gathering supporting data for tree sap collection potentials; documenting traditional plant/fungi lexicon, uses, and perceptions; efforts to safeguard and strengthen tribal sovereignty; pursuing ethical land access to landless stakeholders; community-mediated conservation of valuable species; and other interdisciplinary efforts to preserve and promote biocultural diversity in the region.
13:34	Social Dimensions of A’uwẽ (Xavante) Ethnobiological Knowledge First Author: Welch , James R. Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Welch , James R. - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Most research ethics and other research authorizations must be obtained before research begins, even though it may be difficult to anticipate community understandings of ethnobiological knowledge ownership and possession that should be reflected in informed consent protocols, study methods, and publishing. In this paper, I draw broadly on my experience conducting ethnobiological, anthropological, and public health research in A’uwẽ (Xavante) villages in Central Brazil since 2004 to discuss the social contours of ethnobiological knowledge in their society. My goal is to provide an ethnographic account of numerous configurations of knowledge possession, sharing, and secrecy that shape who has (or should have) access to what kinds of information and therefore bear upon culturally appropriate informed consent. I address in detail generalized, gendered, secular age set moiety, and heritable proprietary knowledges. Most specialized A’uwẽ ethnobiological knowledge is considered secret and therefore not appropriate for scientific research and publication.

Time (UTC-7)	Abstract
09:00	Food System Plant Agrobiodiversity to Enhance Food Security in Ethiopia First Author: Asfaw , Zemede Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Asfaw , Zemede - Addis Ababa University Ruelle , Morgan - Clark University The diversity of plants used within food systems signifies taxonomic richness and availability of food and other products necessary for the food system. About 25% of the Ethiopian flora is used within its food systems, including 188 cultivated species and 400 wild edibles that are directly consumed, as well as a wide array of plants used in production, storage, processing, preparation and distribution. Our review of food system plant diversity across 34 locations identified between 48 and 214 species directly consumed as food and/or used within food systems. Over 100 food system plant species were reported in 77% of study locations, although species per household rarely exceeded 20. Diversification of food crops, wild edibles and other food system species may enhance the adaptive capacity of farming communities. Agroecological and ethnobotanical research can support the conservation of food system plant agrobiodiversity to promote food security, climate resilience, and prosperity.
09:12	Fleshing Out Scales of Pacific Northwest Precontact Camas Stewardship: Case Studies from the Pend Oreille Valley, WA and the Willamette Valley, OR First Author: Carney , Molly Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Carney , Molly - Washington State university McLaughlin , Tara - Kalispel Tribe of Indians Endzweig , Pamela - University of Oregon Tushingham , Shannon - Washington State university d'Alpoim Guedes , Jade - University of California at San Diego There is substantial ethnobotanical evidence that past peoples of Western North America were and continue to be active stewards of their plant resources. Camas (Camassia spp.) is an edible, perennial geophyte common throughout north-western North America. Camas has many associated oral histories and ethnographic descriptions describing the intimate ways these plants were cared for and managed in the past. Tracking the antiquity of such practices, however, has been challenging. In this paper, we weave together TEK with archaeological and botanical data to explore Holocene relationships between people and camas, with case studies from two valleys. We found that people began experimenting with selective harvesting practices, primarily targeting sexually mature bulbs, by 3,500 BP, with bulb harvesting practices akin to ethnographic descriptions firmly established by 1,000 BP. Our findings confirm and expand upon oral histories of Indigenous traditional ecological knowledge and establish supporting evidence for contemporary restoration and food security movements.
09:24	Residue Analysis of Stone Bowl from the Southern Northwest Coast First Author: Helmer , Elliot Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Helmer , Elliot - Washington State University A small, handheld bowl was recovered by the Coquille Indian Tribe from a shell midden deposit in Bandon, Oregon in 2018. Based on the morphological characteristics of the artifact, our hypothesis is that the bowl was used for grinding small quantities of plant materials, possibly for medicinal purposes. In this paper we compare residues extracted from the artifact to a range of traditional medicinal plants from the southern Oregon Coast using ancient residue metabolomics and discuss insights that these results give into ancient plant use in the region.
09:36	Growing Homeland Foods on the Tiwanaku Frontier: The Archaeobotany of Cerro San Antonio in the Locumba Valley, Perú* First Author: Garvin , Arianna Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Garvin , Arianna - University of California-San Diego d'Alpoim Guedes , Jade - University of California-San Diego Goldstein , Paul - University of California-San Diego The Tiwanaku civilization (ca. A.D. 500-1100) originated in the Bolivian altiplano of the south-central Andes and largely depended on frost-resistant crops, such as quinoa and potatoes. Throughout the Middle Horizon, the Tiwanaku expanded and established colonies in the Peruvian coastal valleys to acquire lowland crops, such as maize. We employ a comprehensive analysis of archaeobotanical remains from the Tiwanaku-colonial site of Cerro San Antonio in the Locumba Valley during the period of Tiwanaku state expansion. Our findings show high proportions of altiplano-associated Amaranthaceae cultivars, suggesting the Tiwanaku maintained their culinary traditions as they migrated into the valleys. We explore whether Amaranthaceae arrived via trade or were brought to the site and grown locally. The strong presence of wild and weedy Amaranthaceae seeds, along with the cultivars’ ability to adapt to various agroclimatic and edaphic conditions, lead us to argue that the Tiwanaku colonists grew the traditional foods on the frontier.
09:48	Smoking in Northwest North America beyond Tobacco: Chemical Evidence for the Use of Non-Nicotiana Smoke Plants in Ancient Pipes First Author: Damitio , William Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Damitio , William - Washington State University Tushingham , Shannon - Washington State University Ancient residue analyses have generally relied on the identification of specific compounds—biomarkers—known to be associated with certain plant taxa (e.g., nicotine with the genus Nicotiana). Recent methodological developments in ancient residue metabolomics have allowed researchers make associations between artifacts and plants to the species level. This opens the door to a better understanding of how multiple species of the same genus are used through time, as is the case for traditional tobacco use in Northwest North America. It also allows researchers to identify associations with the large majority of plants that lack known biomarkers. In this paper, we detail chemical evidence for the use of these other plants from sites throughout the Northwest Plateau including Rhus glabra, Salvia sonomensis, Cornus sericea, and Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. Drawing on, and sometimes contrasting with, the ethnographic record, we consider their possible uses as smoke plants in ancient contexts.
10:00	Mnomen: Building Relationships and Assessing the Feasibility of Anishinaabe-Centered Wild Rice Restoration on University of Michigan Properties First Author: Stokes , Samantha Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Stokes , Samantha - University of Michigan, School for Environment & Sustainability Labine , Roger - Lac Vieux Desert, Native Wild Rice Coalition Sprague , Lee - Match e be nash she wish (Gun Lake) Mnomen Elder Herron , Scott - Ferris State University The lands occupied by the University of Michigan are within the traditional homelands of the Anishinaabek. The cession 4,000 acres of those lands via the 1817 Fort Meigs Treaty provided for the creation of the U-M. Violent, coercive land cessions such as these were methods the settler government used to gain control of the land now called the United States. The trauma of this process and the disruption of lifeways is felt today by Native peoples living within a society that limits their interaction with ancestral lands and foodways. As academics within a colonial institution, we must find ways to address these atrocities within our work, repair relationships and further justice and equity for the Native people of this land. The Mnomen Project seeks to do this by fostering partnerships between Anishinaabek community members and the U-M that build respectful, reciprocal relationships around the goal of restoring “the good berry”.

Time (UTC-7)	Abstract
09:00	Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Canine Personhood First Author: Chambers , Jaime Presentation format: Oral (pre-recorded) Author(s): Chambers , Jaime - Washington State University For thousands of years, humans have sustained complex, globally widespread relationships with dogs -- made possible through mutual capacity to form close, cooperative bonds. However, cross-cultural variation in human-dog interactions remains poorly understood. Prior ethnographic work highlights human ambivalence toward dogs, reflective of dogs’ liminal status between culture and nature (Levi-Strauss 1966; Gottlieb 1986; de Vidas 2002). To investigate cross-cultural variation in ontological perspectives surrounding dogs, this study employs the Human Relations Area Files (HRAF) Standard Cross-Cultural Sample (SCCS). Through exploratory principal component analysis (PCA), variables associated with dogs as “persons” emerged in the first component. In qualitative analysis of texts associated with these variables, three primary themes emerged cross-culturally: 1) explicit designation of dogs as persons; 2) ambivalent or inconsistent personhood; and 3) lack of personhood, with connotations of sub-human status. Cross-cultural variation in ontological perspectives may reflect dogs’ diverse functions across socio-ecological contexts.
09:12	Ethnoentomological study of the indigenous people of Bini in some communities in southern Nigeria First Author: Ejomah , Afure Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Ejomah , Afure - University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria Ekhator , Grace - University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria Uyi , Osariyekemwen - University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria The way human cultures perceive, classify and use insects is central to our understanding of the role of insects as food, and in pharmacology, religion, spirituality and cultural evolution in human societies. Using semi-structured questionnaires to elicit information, this study examined the ethnoentomlogical practices of the Bini people in southern Nigeria. Of the 150 respondents interviewed, 98.67% reported the use of insects as food, 25.33% reported the therapeutic use of insects and 77.33% reported the cultural and religious significance of insects and 19.33% reported insect use as either bait, feed for poultry and animals and as contraceptives. Four different insect species were found to be consumed, while eleven species were reported to be of therapeutic relevance. The study showed that insects have roles in myth and taboo, dreams, idioms, poems and incantations. In sum, our study document the ethnoentomological knowledge of the Bini people for the first time.
09:36	The Sakawiyaniwak (Northern Bush Cree) art of Moose Butchering First Author: Baker , Janelle Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Baker , Janelle - Athabasca University Noskiye , Helen - Bigstone Cree Nation Elder This paper and short ethnographic film demonstrate the sakawiyiniwak (Northern Bush Cree) ethnobiological knowledge of naming and butchering the cultural keystone species mooswah, or moose (Alces alces). Bigstone Cree Nation Elders promote the linguistic continuation of sakaw nehiyawewin (northern Bush Cree language) naming of moose anatomy and the association of this knowledge with good and respectful moose butchering protocols and behaviour. We explain the significance of traditional butchering practices and demonstrate them in a short film of Helen Noskiye and her brothers butchering a moose in 2016. We have partnered with a team of scientists and Bigstone Cree Nation environmental monitors for research in which we use moose sampling kits to test them for indicators of health and contaminants, along with water sampling for microbiological analysis and toxicology related to moose and human health. We describe the community observations in changes in moose health and movements that informs this monitoring.
09:48	Traditional Entomophagy in Southeast Asia and Environmental Benefits First Author: Roberts , Michelle Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Roberts , Michelle - California State University Sacramento and University of Nevada Reno This talk discusses traditional sustainable practices in Northern Lao PDR vis-à-vis edible insects, arguing that sustainable and traditional practices can go hand in hand. Political ecology, traditional ecological knowledge, and biological aspects of the agroecosystem are briefly discussed to exemplify the complexity of the system. Data on insect availability and selling prices in five markets across the region in December 2016, reveal Lao PDR’s economic potential and its unique position to take advantage of insect-eating traditions. International research about the low environmental costs of raising or collecting edible insects, their rich nutritional content, and other benefits and issues of insects as food sources is discussed. Traditional insect knowledge and collection has the potential to be an economic boon, benefiting farming households in the uplands by maintaining traditional agroecosystems while at the same time preserving traditional lifestyles with dignity.

Time (UTC-7)	Abstract
09:00	An Analysis of Indigenous Perspectives on Environmental Change and Conservation. First Author: Shukla , Mirali Presentation format: Oral (pre-recorded) Author(s): Shukla , Mirali Community resilience in the face of drastic environmental change requires a deeper understanding of the struggles being felt most dramatically, at a local level. Indigenous peoples have a vital role to play in environmental conservation, yet are often disproportionately affected by environmental changes, human rights abuses, civil conflict, land-stakeholder issues, and more resulting from environmental disruption. Many indigenous communities live in some of the most biodiverse regions and are frontline agents of change for biodiversity conservation. Moreover, the strengths of indigenous communities as conservation and development partners include their histories, abilities, knowledge, and locally-adapted cultures. We examine this further by interviewing members of indigenous communities globally in order to hear their perspectives and further understand how to integrate indigenous, local, and marginalized communities into the environmental discourse. This first-person perspective, recorded discourse will be occuring between members of the Finnish Sámi, Ainu, Māori, and Ni’Vanuatu communities.
09:12	Interactions between climate change and infrastructure projects in changing water resources: A local perspective from the Daasanach, Kenya First Author: Braga Junqueira , André Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Braga Junqueira , André - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain Fernandez-Llamazares , Álvaro - University of Helsinki, Finland Torrents-Ticó , Miquel - University of Helsinki, Finland Lokono Hara , Paul - Member of the Daasanach community Guol Naasak , Job - Member of the Daasanach community Burgas , Daniel - University of Jyväskylä, Finland Fraixedas , Sara - University of Helsinki, Finland Cabeza , Mar - University of Helsinki, Finland Reyes-García , Victoria - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Changes that affect water resources are particularly relevant for subsistence-based peoples, and climate change is expected to amplify existing stresses in water availability. We look into the perceptions of environmental change expressed by the Daasanach people of North Kenya, where the impacts of climate change overlap with those brought by large infrastructure projects. Daasanach understand changes in different elements of the social-ecological system as the outcome of interactions between climatic and non-climatic drivers of change. Our results highlight the perceived synergistic effects of climate change and infrastructure projects in water resources, driving cascading impacts on local livelihoods. Local Ecological Knowledge can enhance the understanding of the impacts of environmental change in local communities. To minimize and mitigate the socio-ecological impacts of development projects, it is essential to consider potential synergies between climatic and socio-economic factors and to ensure participatory processes incorporating local understandings of environmental change.
09:24	A hub within a biocultural mesh : Climate change in the Betsileo perception (Madagascar) First Author: Porcher , Vincent Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Porcher , Vincent - ICTA-UAB LICCI and UMR SENS IRD The local perception of climate change and the process that leads IPLCs to their adaptation strategy still unknown. However, this is crucial to grasp local responses, stakes and predict future trends. To fill this gap, we worked with Betsileo peoples (Madagascar), a group of farmers deeply impacted by seasonal shifts. We adopted a holistic approach exploring widely the concept of changes and the multiple aspects involved in Betsileo’s understanding of climate change their adaptation strategies. Our results show that for Betsileo, climate change is not only the result of a bioclimatic process but is also the consequence of people’s failure to comply with traditional rules and taboos. Consequently, to cope with climate change, Betsileos adopted a mixed adaptation strategy relying on technical and magico-religious responses. Such complex biocultural mesh must be studied with a holistic and multidisciplinary approach in order to fully understand the dynamics of local responses to climate change.
09:36	Conceptualizing Indigenous Cultural Ecosystem Services (ICES) and Benefits Under Changing Climate Conditions in the Klamath River Basin and its Implications for Land Management and Governance First Author: Mucioki , Megan Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Mucioki , Megan - The Pennsylvania State University Sowerwine , Jennifer - University of California, Berkeley Sarna-Wojcicki , Daniel - University of California, Berkeley Lake , Frank - US Forest Service Bourque , Shawn - Karuk Department of Natural Resources In the Klamath River Basin (KRB) of northern California and southern Oregon, climate-related challenges have contributed to increasingly unpredictable plant reproduction and harvest cycles. In this paper, we explore relationships between plants and Indigenous people in the KRB, identifying how climate change is influencing these social-ecological systems through the framework of cultural ecosystem services (CES) derived from Indigenous stewardship and gathering of cultural plants. This study contributes to the conceptualization of Indigenous Cultural Ecosystem Services, providing a framework for the incorporation of Indigenous concepts, approaches and perspectives into assessments of ecosystem services. It highlights the value of Indigenous Knowledge (IK) systems in understanding how climate change affects plant reproduction and productivity, and discusses how climate change has and will likely influence CES and resulting benefits. Acknowledging IK and practices as human services for ecosystems can contribute to the resilience of ecosystems and the food security and wellbeing of Indigenous communities.
09:48	Climate change perception and adaptation strategies of smallholders in the highland Andes of Colombia First Author: Isaza , Carolina Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Isaza , Carolina - UNIVERSIDAD MILITAR NUEVA GRANADA/ Assistant professor Ballesteros , Jennifer - UNIVERSIDAD MILITAR NUEVA GRANADA/ Student Small farmers in underdeveloped countries are inordinately affected by climate change. We address the perceptions and adaptation strategies to climate change of a group of smallholders in highland Andes-Colombia. We conducted interviews with 27 smallholders. According to smallholders, climate change is manifested by an alteration in the season, amount and frequency of rainfall, frost, droughts, etc. Smallholders practiced on-farm and off-farm adaptation strategies. They practiced 14 on-farm strategies, among which the most reported were polyculture, water management and soil conservation. We also found a great diversity of crops (47 species and 79 varieties), and varied smallholder perceptions of these crops to climate variability resistance. The relevant off-farm strategies were: land tenure, more adaptation strategies applied by owners than tenants; and smallholders’ associations, sharing similar strategies. Smallholders are adapting to climate change by employing the tools that are available to them, largely without public institutional and private sector participation.
10:00	Adaptive Management Strategies of Local Communities in Two Amazonian Floodplain Ecosystems in the Face of Extreme Climate Events First Author: Ávila , Julia Vieira da Cunha Presentation format: Oral (pre-recorded) Author(s): Ávila , Julia Vieira da Cunha - PhD candidate - National Research Institute for Amazonia/Mamirauá Institute Clement , Charles Roland - National Research Institute for Amazonia Junqueira , André Braga - Autonomous University of Barcelona Ticktin , Tamara - University of Hawaii at Manoa Steward , Angela May - Federal University of Pará / Mamirauá Institute In Amazonia, changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme climate events are occurring and expected to intensify, with subsequent social and political problems. We conducted semi-structured interviews in six communities of the mid-Solimões River basin (Amazonas, Brazil), with questions designed to understand climatic patterns, changes in livelihood activities and identify their adaptation strategies in new climatic contexts. During extreme events ribeirinhos intensify adaptation strategies, such as avoiding stress to fruit-tree root systems, prioritizing plants that survive flooding and working in less affected landscapes. Some strategies are historical practices of resource management, such as building soil mounds or wooden fences to protect plants from flooding, and the temporary storage of manioc roots underwater. Ribeirinhos recognize that climatic unpredictability hinders effective planning of subsistence activities, because their local knowledge is no longer fully reliable. The documentation and sharing of some strategies was suggested as a way to increase their resilience.

Time (UTC-7)	Abstract
10:45	Use and traditional knowledge of medicinal plants in the community of Cerro Grande in the Sierra de Manantlán, Jalisco, Mexico. First Author: del Castillo Batista , Ana Patricia Presentation format: Oral (pre-recorded) Author(s): del Castillo Batista , Ana Patricia - Professional In Mexico has more than 25 thousand Considered species of wild plants and it is close to 15% Estimated are for medicinal use. In the community of Cerro Grande, in the Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve, it to corresponds to mountain uplift of 47 thousand hectares Between Jalisco and Colima, the People who have been part of the Reserve for more than 30 years, have participated in the conservation of its biodiversity. Therefore, In this work we document through open interviews which are the wild plants, for medicinal use. Those Particularly, by the community's perception habitants, their contrasting before and after the decree in the protected area. About the 3,000 species reported by Vazquez, et al (1995) for the Flora of Manantlán. That the current estimate of the species use species is 900 and of these, medicinal plants stand out With 300 species.
10:57	MARKETING, USES AND ECOLOGY OF ANNONA PURPUREA, A SPECIES OF EDIBLE FRUITS IN WESTERN MEXICO First Author: Topete-Corona , Citlally Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Topete-Corona , Citlally - University of Guadalajara Annona purpurea, known as “cabeza de negro”, is a tree up to 18 m high, with globose fruits up to 20 cm in diameter. It is found wild or cultivated in home gardens, at elevations below 900 m asl. Its collection and marketing takes place between the months of October and November, and its sale represents a source of income for rural families. The sale of the fruit is carried out in established stalls and in markets. Its cost is variable and depends on the size of the fruit and the place where the sale is made. The amount of fruits collected per person ranges from 200 to 1800. Its roots and bark are reported with medicinal use and the leaves are used to wrap cheeses and panelas. Annona purpurea has its greatest structural attributes in places with higher rainfall and temperature, with less stony ground. Its greatest association is with Guazuma ulmifolia.
11:10	Chile (Capsicum spp.) as Spice, Protector and Soul Healer First Author: Aguilar-Meléndez , Araceli Presentation format: Oral (pre-recorded) Author(s): Aguilar-Meléndez , Araceli - Centro de Investigaciones Tropicales, Universidad Veracruzana Katz , Esther - Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, IRD-FRANCE Vásquez-Dávila , Marco Antonio - Instituto Tecnológico del Valle de Oaxaca Manzanero-Medina , Gladys Isabel - CIIDIR-Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Unidad Oaxaca The importance of chiles to Mexicans has been discussed by researchers of different disciplines, who consider that domesticated chiles are essential ingredients providing diversity to everyday and festive food. However, little is known about the range of uses of the different domesticated landraces, of commercial domesticated chiles, as well as wild chiles. Through fieldwork and literature review, we developed a matrix of botanical and cultural data related to the uses of chiles to identify species and domestication status of the genus Capsicum in the multi-ethnic Mexican territory. We found a wide range of uses in different cultures of the 11 linguistic families, ranging from edible and medicinal to protective and healing of the soul. The objective of this presentation is to highlight the interconnectivity between chiles and local cultural values, beliefs, practices and language and show how this link may have been the main incentive for the conservation of landraces up to the present.
11:22	Motivations, and Challenges of Wooden Handicraft Production for a World Heritage Site: Maya Community Perspectives First Author: Pech-Cardenas , Florencia Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Pech-Cardenas , Florencia - University of Minnesota Tourism activities at Chichen Itza, a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in Yucatán, México have opened up opportunities for wooden handicraft production and commerce. Scholars have widely explored the impacts of tourism and handicraft production in Pisté, the central tourist town close to Chichén Itzá, but little has been done to explore handicraft production from the perception of Maya artisans from the surrounding communities. The purpose of this study is to explore artisans’ perceptions of handicraft production as a base of knowledge for understanding how handicraft production relates to livelihoods and natural resources management in a Maya community. The consideration of motivations and challenges among artisans might help to implement development policies that fulfill artisans’ needs, improve their livelihoods, and promote the use of sustainable wood carving species.
11:34	Aquatic Resource Niche Construction in the Soconusco Region, Mexico. First Author: Alsgaard , Asia Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Alsgaard , Asia - University of New Mexico Around the world during the transition to agriculture, coastal populations often persist as hunter-gatherers for longer periods of time than inland populations in the same region. Archaeological research indicates the Soconusco coast in Chiapas, Mexico is no exception; in this region, the Chantuto society, known by multiple shellmounds, subsisted as fisher-hunter-horticulturalists even as inland populations began to adopt maize-based agriculture. This presentation reexamines previously published fauna data from five shellmounds (7,500-3800 BP) surrounding the Acapetahua Estuary using measures of abundance and diversity to address how coastal resource stability contributed to the persistence of a hunter-gatherer life style. These data provide the basis for my dissertation project that focuses on the stability of coastal foraging practices of the Chantuto society in the Acapetahua Estuary with implications for the present day ecological stability of the Estuary.

Time (UTC-7)	Abstract
10:45	Applying Partial Overlaps in Ethnobiological Studies in a Brazilian Fishing Community First Author: Renck , Vitor Presentation format: Oral (pre-recorded) Author(s): Renck , Vitor - Federal University of Bahia / Wageningen University & Research I will explore the partial overlaps framework between traditional and academic knowledge in a fishing community in northeast Brazil. Through a mixed-methods study involving triad tasks and ethnobiological models, I analyze local categories and knowledge about salient ethnospecies of fish. Overlaps between traditional and academic knowledge provide common ground for transdisciplinary collaboration, while their partiality requires reflection about epistemological and ontological differences. Partialities also demand a reflective political positioning of a researcher with regard to the self-determination of the community. By distinguishing between different forms of partiality, we show how knowledge of artisanal fishers can complement academic researchers’ knowledge, but can also bring about tensions that need to be addressed through intercultural dialogue. By integrating a general philosophical framework of partial overlaps with a mixed-methods study on fishers’ knowledge, we show how ethnobiology can contribute to theoretically-reflective and empirically-grounded transdisciplinary practices.
10:57	From Epistemic Pluralism to Transdisciplinary Work in Ethnobiology First Author: Nieves Delgado , Abigail Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Nieves Delgado , Abigail - Utrecht University Ethnobiology is a multidisciplinary science which includes fields such as ecology, evolution, political ecology, traditional medicine, and indigenous rights, to mention a few. At the core lies the study of those complex relations and dynamics of social-ecological systems in which local knowledges is central. However, this intrinsic multidisciplinary nature of ethnobiology has resulted in the fragmentation of the field. Recently, a new integrative conceptual framework, drawing on evolutionary theory, has been introduced to address and resolve this fragmentation. In this paper we discuss this model and evaluate its potential contribution to unify ethnobiology. We argue that the adoption of an adaptationist framework does not suffice to account for the complexity and range of ethnobiological phenomena. We present a model for transdisciplinary work inspired by the work of Rolando García. In this model, the open dialogue of epistemic and non-epistemic values is central for defining a transdisciplinary research question.
11:10	Learning from Dialoguing with and Integrating Indigenous/Peasant and Academic Knowledge systems First Author: El-Hani , Charbel N. Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): El-Hani , Charbel N. - Federal University of Bahia, University of Coimbra, INCT IN-TREE Proposals for knowledge integration between traditional (TEK) and academic ecological knowledge (AEK) became common in theory and practice, especially in relation to conservation and sustainable management. One cannot avoid complex philosophical questions related to such proposals, which lie, according to Ludwig and El-Hani, at the core of a philosophy of ethnobiology and involve epistemological, ontological, ethical, and political challenges. These challenges can be addressed from a “framework of partial overlaps”, avoiding both over-optimistic and pessimistic attitudes towards knowledge integration in order to find a space for mutual learning between knowledge systems through analyzing both overlaps and divergences in ontological, epistemological and axiological domains. I will discuss how learning can be conceived in the contact zone between knowledge systems, i.e., how we can learn from each other in such intercultural situations both in the case of overlaps or when we are faced with radical alterity in ontological, epistemological and/or axiological terms.
11:22	The New Philosophy of Ethnobiology - What's in it for Ethnobiologists? First Author: Ludwig , David Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Ludwig , David Philosophy of science is increadingly recognizing ethnobiology as a transdisciplinary field that raises complex methodological questions about the negotiation of epistemologies, ontologies, and values. This talk focuses on the question what ethnobiologists can learn from this emergence of a "New Philosophy of Ethnobiology". Ethnobiological research commonly remains descriptive without clearly communicating its methodological relevance to wider communities in fields such as cultural anthropology, sustainability studies, or biological systematics. Looking at issues of (a) transdisciplinary design, (b) intercultural communication, and (c) taxonomy, this talk introduces the overall session and the relevance of philosophy in positioning ethnobiological insights in debates about socio-ecological change.
11:34	Philosophy of Ethnolichenological Naming Practices First Author: Kendig , Catherine Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Kendig , Catherine - Michigan State University, Department of Philosophy The language of the Sàmi of Northern Finnmark reflects specialized knowledge of the environment and of their relationship with the animals that they herd. The Sàmi have specialized names for the lands on which they graze their reindeer as well as for the various lichen species that can be found within these lands. These names allow them to differentiate between lichens that grow at different times during the season and between those that the reindeer eat, which they prefer, which they avoid, and which they are willing to eat in times of scarcity. I suggest these ethnolichenological naming practices can be understood as different ways of reaching out into the world to linguistically grasp that which is of interest for a particular purpose. Linguistically grasping implies an ecologically extended kind-making interaction where interactionism involves both the object of interest as well as the ontological commitments of kind-makers, namers and kind-users.
11:46	Ethno and Biology: Ethnographic notes on multiple dialogues in knowledge practices First Author: Bollettin , Paride Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Bollettin , Paride - Universidade Federal da Bahia The presentation aims at describing some ways ethnobiologists correlate the concepts of “ethno” and “biology” in the production and sharing of their knowledge practices, having as a starting point ethnographic cases from a research conducted in Conde, Northeast of Brazil. I will describe how a variety of relations produced between the two concepts flows in the field, in the academy, and in the middle of these two inseparable limits. The focus on ethnographically grounded knowledge-practices lets a panorama of epistemological, pragmatical and ethical possibilities to emerge. The thesis is that the “and”, at multiplying the possible interfaces between the “ethno” and the “biological”, as experimented multiple dimensions can share lights on the interrelational web connecting knowledge, people, practices, politics,other-than-human beings, etc. Finally, I will appoint at some possible consequences of the diverse ways “ethno” and “biology” can be related toward symmetrical and collaborative dialogues.

Time (UTC-7)	Abstract
14:45	Dynamic Edible Plant Knowledge in a Changing Western Mexican Rural Community First Author: Flores-Silva , Alondra Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Flores-Silva , Alondra - University of Guadalajara Cuevas-Guzmán , Ramón - University of Guadalajara Baptista , Geilsa - State University of Feira de Santana Olvera-Vargas , Miguel - University of Guadalajara The ability to name plants is part of one´s theoretical botanical knowledge. We analyze the intracultural variation of knowledge regarding the cultural domain of edible plants in a rural population of western Mexico. It evaluates an individual’s capacity to name plants, the plant´s salience, children´s sources of this knowledge, and the socioeconomic factors that influence their degree of knowledge in a context of socio-environmental changes. Freelists on local edible plant species were generated with 107 participants, including, children of middle childhood, preteens, and adults. A total of 102 species were obtained among the lists for all three age groups. While each age and gender group presented particularities in terms of the species mentioned, a high level of overlap was found among the salient species. Vertical knowledge transmission was more important for the children, and their ability to name the species differed significantly according to age, gender, and mother´s occupation.
14:57	Éxitos de una Cooperativa de Mujeres Indígenas: El Caso de Color de la Tierra en Jalisco, México First Author: Ramírez , Rosa Elena Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Ramírez , Rosa Elena Grupo “Color de la Tierra” surgió en 2001 atendiendo a una problemática de cambio de uso de suelo y disminución de cafetales bajo sombra de más de 200 años de antigüedad. La situación de ese tiempo se reflejo en la pérdida de recursos locales y conocimientos. Por lo que se ha venido trabajando para mantener el sistema café bajo sombra, dándole un valor agregado, fortaleciendo la situación socioeconómica con autoempleo dentro de nuestra comunidad, haciendo un mejor uso de nuestros recursos, preservando conocimientos tradicionales, aprendiendo por medio del intercambio y aprovechando los recursos de manera sustentable. Nuestros planes para el futuro incluyen: innovar, diversificar y aumentar la producción, mantener clientela, fortalecer cadenas productivas, mantener seguridad alimentaria y económica para nuestras familias y seguir generando procesos de intercambio de experiencias que favorezcan el desarrollo sustentable.
15:10	Harvesting, Ecology and Commercialization of “Camote del cerro” on the South Coast of Jalisco, Mexico First Author: Cuevas-Guzmán , Ramón Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Cuevas-Guzmán , Ramón - University of Guadalajara Núñez-López , Nora M. - University of Guadalajara Topete-Corona , Citlally - University of Guadalajara Morales-Arias , José Guadalupe - University of Guadalajara Camote del cerro includes at least two species of Dioscorea on the South Coast of Jalisco. The tuberous root has been used as food for decades by man. These are volubles perennial herbs, the aerial part of which dies year after year. Interviews were conducted with 47 collectors in the region who indicate that they collect the roots from August to February of the following year. Dioscorea remotiflora is found in the tropics zones, usually below 1200 m elevation, and is harvested from August to November. Dioscorea sparciflora is rather from subtropical to temperate areas, usually above 1200 and up to 1800 m and is harvested from December to March. Both species are used for self-consumption and sale, representing a source of food and income for families in the region.

Time (UTC-7)	Abstract
10:45	Singing the Ways of Our People: Using Song to Teach Hualapai Ethnobotany and Language First Author: Paya , Jorigine Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Paya , Jorigine - Hualapai Tribe The Hualapai, like many Tribes, lost a significant amount of our traditional homelands, and lifeways through the colonization efforts of the last two centuries. Many of the elders in the community are from a generation that was the last to experience the traditinal lifeways growing up. Much of the languae and ethnobotanical work I particpate in, in the community is through our Hualapai Ethnobotany Youth Project where we have a fieldtrip oriented, harvesting based program focused on traditional knowledge and tribal language transmission. Undertanding where plants grow, harvesting seasons, useable plant parts, and processing methodologies are all significant components to the programming we provide to keep the ethobotanical knowledge vital. In being a lifelong teacher in the community, I have used traditional forms of singing to transmit crucial Hualapai knowledge. In this presentation I will share the value of Hualapai song as a traditional teaching tool.
11:10	Pre-Columbian Agaves in the Southwestern United States: Discovering Lost Crops among the Hohokam and other Arizona Cultures. First Author: Hodgson , Wendy Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Hodgson , Wendy - Desert Botanical Garden Salywon , Andrew - Desert Botanical Garden Research on the significance of agaves to indigenous peoples in the Borderlands region reveals that pre-contact farmers grew at least six or more domesticated agaves in Arizona. Because of their longevity and asexual reproduction, relict agave clones have persisted in the landscape to the present, providing an opportunity to study pre-Columbian nutrition, trade, migration and agricultural practices as well as domesticates unchanged since they were last cultivated within a prehistoric cultural context. Several of these unique multi-useful plants grow together at many sites that occur in different ecological, climatological and biogeographical regions inhabited by different cultures, including Huhugam, Patayan, Sinagua and Ancestral Puebloan peoples. Our research emphasizes the need to view landscapes and plant species from a potentially cultural, rather than “natural,” perspective that may help discern potential cryptic species veiled by traditional taxonomic treatments. Understanding these plants and their ecological/cultural roles requires interdisciplinary collaboration.
11:22	An Analysis of Springs, Plants, and Archaeology at Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Utah First Author: Sabata , David Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Sabata , David Archaeologists are largely responsible for documenting the “cultural” significance of places. Archaeology, however, is just one aspect of site significance. In the semi-arid southwestern US, water-sources, such as springs, and the biodiversity supported by them, have attracted human presence and cultivation behavior for over 10,000 years, resulting in archaeology and increased biodiversity. As an archaeologist, I first became aware of the cultural significance of water-sources and biodiversity while working with traditional Paiute elders in southwest Utah. That work inspired me to return to school at Northern Arizona University to better learn Indigenous perspectives about the importance of the natural world. Supported by the Bureau of Land Management at Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, I visited about 75 semi-arid springs over two seasons, recorded plants of traditional edible, medicinal, craft, and ceremonial significance, documented archaeology, and compared data with upland places. The results demonstrate important relationships between water, biodiversity, and archaeology.
11:34	Viewing Things Whole: Honoring Hualapai Elder Knowledge Bearers Who Have Gone Before First Author: Cannon , Carrie Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Cannon , Carrie - Hualapai Tribe Hualapai Tribal Elder, the late Malinda Powskey was a prominent keeper of the tribal plant knowledge. She grew up near Wikieup AZ where the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts converge. Here she learned harvesting wild plants and the traditional gardening practices. "Stubborn, that's the word for me," Powskey once said about herself. "I ran away from the boarding school at Fort Apache when I was thirteen. Walked for three days. Then I went to Kingman High--there were hardly any Indians there then. I raised my kids, and then I went to college. I only finished because I am stubborn." Malinda was also a former Tribal Council Member, taught K-12 for over a decade at the reservation school where she co-authored ten bilingual publications that were written for the Hualapai/Bilingual education program which feature a rich ethnobotanical curriculum in the 1970's-2000. This presentation honors her memory and contributions to language and ethnobotanical revitalization.

Time (UTC-7)	Abstract
	Anthropogenic Flora Indicators Explain Human/Climate Interactions within Southeastern Arabia First Author: Sekulić , Annalee Presentation format: Poster display (live) Author(s): Sekulić , Annalee - The Ohio State University As climates change, environmental resources for subsistence are altered. Human responses include social changes that feedback into desert vegetation. Anthropogenic activity alters the vegetation present in the plant assemblages. This study tests the hypothesizes that there are vegetation changes within the Dhofar, Oman over the past 3,500 BP and that the assemblages can capture anthropogenic indicators. From 45 hyrax middens samples, I extracted identifiable macrofossils. I used incident light microscopy and a digital camera to compare specimens with modern reference. By identifying the fragmented macrobotanical and comparing them to known anthropogenic plant indicators, I will assess the past vegetation and assembles’ ability to identify anthropogenic effects. My analysis finds there is no large structural change with the vegetation but change within the composition of taxa. The comparisons between proxy records suggest that the vegetation developed for stable arid climates, showing the presence of human activity.
	Community Position Statements as Tools for Biocultural Conservation: Centering Indigenous Voices in Participatory Research and Community Activism First Author: Schierbeek , Elizabeth Presentation format: Poster display (live) Author(s): Schierbeek , Elizabeth - George Mason University Pagliarulo McCarron , Graziella - George Mason University Gilmore , Michael - George Mason University An important component of biocultural conservation is ensuring the voices of Indigenous Peoples are heard by those with the power to influence change. Here we present community position statements as tools for amplifying the perspectives of Indigenous communities. We highlight a community-based project conducted with the Maijuna and Kichwa of the Peruvian Amazon, from which a multilingual position statement was developed. The statement leverages Indigenous and Western knowledge systems and speaks out against a proposed road project threatening Maijuna and Kichwa ancestral lands and lifeways. Through this case study, we explore the power of position statements to achieve contextually-rooted, socially just outcomes in biocultural conservation processes and products. Given the potential for community position statements to empower communities, bridge knowledge systems, inspire collective action, and defend Indigenous cultures and lifeways, we feel they should play an important role in biocultural conservation and ethnobiological research and advocacy.
	Coyote- A Wily New Emblem for the Anthropocene? First Author: Myers , Kimberly Presentation format: Poster display (live) Author(s): Myers , Kimberly - Georgia State University The story of Homo sapiens and the genus Canis constitute some of the most evolutionarily unique and fascinating polyspecific relationships in the animal kingdom. The most discussed is that of Homo and some now extinct species of Old World wolves, who cheated extinction (~40-20,000 YBP) by becoming dogs. In an entirely different way, the destiny of a resilient New World canid, Canis latrans, the coyote, seems to have also been irrevocably bound to that of humans for at least ~15 Kya. Despite over a century of human persecution and the “lethal control” of millions of coyotes implemented by federal and state bodies, their populations continue to expand, and they are now found in every major N. American city. This situation provides researchers with the unique opportunity to study a wild canid that not only defied extermination but thrives in fragmented anthropogenic settings and may improve urban biodiversity.
	Differential use of game species in an Amazonian Indigenous community: Navigating economics, subsistence, and social norms First Author: Griffiths , Brian Presentation format: Poster display (live) Author(s): Griffiths , Brian - George Mason University Bowler , Mark - University of Suffolk Gilmore , Michael - George Mason University Hunting is a key subsistence strategy and source of income and food security for rural communities throughout the world. Hunters often gift game meat to their friends or family in return for reciprocation, or other social benefits. We used interviews to assess how hunters in an Amazonian Indigenous community navigate the economic, subsistence, and social aspects of hunting. We found that hunters typically sell the most valuable and preferred species whole except for the head, gift better cuts of less-preferred species and consume the lowest quality portions of non-preferred species. We conclude that hunters use species and portions of carcasses differentially to maximize profit and food security and fit the social norms of the community. Understanding the social systems surrounding wild game use in rural Amazonian communities provides insight into how the loss of wild mammals could influence food security and social relationships.
	Elite Maya Diet in the Late Classic: Preliminary Paleobotanical Results from Nim li Punit (AD 150/250 to 830+), Belize First Author: Stroth , Luke Presentation format: Poster display (live) Author(s): Stroth , Luke - UC, San Diego Borrero , Mario - UC, San Diego Braswell , Geoffrey E. - UC, San Diego In this poster, we present the results of analysis of the paleobotanical collection from Nim li Punit (AD 150/250 to 830+), Toledo District, Belize. These samples were collected from Structure 50, a Late Classic (AD 700 to 830+) elite domestic context. The eighth century is a time of growth and prosperity at Nim li Punit, seeing major construction efforts and seven carved monuments. What were elite diet and lifeways like during this time? Preliminary results indicate that the diet of the inhabitants of Structure 50 was similar to that of contemporary elite Maya, with an emphasis on local resources. The sample also contains presence of nightshades used as luxury condiments, purgatives, and/or hallucinogens. Future excavations at Nim li Punit will expand our dataset, showing how diets varied from the Early Classic to the Late Classic, and within the site itself.
	Ethnobotanical Plants Used as a Medicine by Maldharies of Barda Sanctuary, Gujarat, India* First Author: Raviya , Rajesh Presentation format: Poster display (live) Author(s): Raviya , Rajesh - Department of Life Sciences, BKNM University Chavada , Pratikkumar - Department of Life Sciences, BKNM University The present study was initiated with an aim to identify traditional healers who are using medicinal plants as medicine among the Maldharies in Barda Sanctuary, Gujarat, India The collected data was analysed through use value (UV), informant consensus factor (F_ic) and fidelity level (FL). A total of 51 species of ethnomedicinal plants distributes in 47 genera belonging to 31 families were identified as commonly used ethnomedicinal plants by Maldhari traditional healers in Barda Sanctuary for the treatment of 39 types of ailments. The ailments were categorized into 12 ailment categories. As a result of the present study we can recommend the plants Maytenus emarginata, Mitragyna parvifolia, Alstonia scholaris, Phyllanthus emblica, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Pterocarpus marsupium and Mimusops elengi (with high UV), Zizyphus nummularia, Acacia chundra, Carissa congesta, Syzygium cumini and Tamarindus indica (with high FL) for further ethnopharmacological studies for the discovery of potential new drugs.
	Indigenous Eco-cultural Revitalization and Restoration Ecology: Riparian Plant Restoration on the Mid-Klamath River in the Context of Karuk Cultural Practice First Author: Courtney , Sofi Presentation format: Poster display (live) Author(s): Courtney , Sofi - University of Washington, Seattle Indigenous eco-cultural revitalization is increasingly recognized as integral to producing sustainable outcomes in restoration ecology and climate adaptation. However, Indigenous lifeways are rarely incorporated into restoration ecology research. Using reciprocity and critical physical geography as a foundation, researchers from the University of Washington are co-developing a research framework with partners from the Karuk Tribe that centers Indigenous worldviews and environmental justice into river restoration ecology. We are applying this framework to a pressing conservation issue--dam removal and riparian vegetation restoration in the Klamath River basin. My part in this larger effort is to investigate the impacts of community stewardship on vegetation change over time at a key cultural site. Here, I will report on the initial phases of this project, including collaborative research development with Karuk cultural practitioners as well as spatial analysis and experimental methods that focus on cultural use, knowledge co-generation, and Karuk self-determination.
	Investigating Stove Intervention Studies in Rural Guatemala: Clearing the Air in the Literature First Author: Vochatzer , Karl Presentation format: Poster display (live) Author(s): Vochatzer , Karl - Southern Utah University Wood smoke contains many pollutants (e.g., particulate matter, formaldehyde, benzene, acrolein, and hydrocarbons) that can damage health when inhaled. With wood as the primary fuel source, smoke from indoor cooking over traditional open fires is a leading contributor to health problems in the developing world. To address these effects, vented stoves were introduced as a means of improving indoor air quality to therefore improve the health of rural Guatemalans. Although studies show positive health improvements with vented stove usage, not all demonstrate statistically significant results when compared to controls. Given this, why is it that stove intervention studies have not demonstrated more pronounced effects for reducing health problems when indoor air pollutants are cut to a fraction of the levels measured for cooking over traditional open fires? This paper addresses the literature, explores potential reasons that stove interventions may not do enough, and recommends a holistic approach for further action.
	Northwest Native Plants: An Online, Digital Space for Ethnobotanical and Paleobotanical Knowledge First Author: Carney , Molly Presentation format: Poster display (live) Author(s): Carney , Molly - Washington State university d'Alpoim Guedes , Jade - University of California at San Diego Clements , William - Princeton University Diedrich , Melanie - Archaeological Macroflora Identification Tushingham , Shannon - Washington State university Archaeobotanical and ethnobotanical information can be used in a variety of ways to strengthen cultural identity, improve human health and well-being, identify and re-learn traditional ecological knowledge, and inform modern restoration ecology and land management decisions. In the northwest region of North America, however, the carbonized remains in paleobotanical assemblages are difficult to identify. Here we share an online website and database designed to document and share ethnobotanical knowledge and paleobotanical identification criteria. The website is designed using the Murkurtu platform, which is specifically built around sharing and protecting traditional knowledge across social groups and preserving multivocal epistemologies. Users can add protocols which grant various levels of access to digital materials and adapted to local communities’ needs. The ethnobotanical information in this digital “work in progress” has the potential to contribute to future archaeological and interdisciplinary investigations as well as human-plant relationships in the past and in the future.
	The Bodos: Community Perspective of Wildlife Conservation and Management in South-Western Habitat of Manas National Park First Author: Daimary , Rachan Author(s): Daimary , Rachan - Central University of Gujarat, India The Bodo tribe of Assam uses unique knowledge that contributes value to wildlife conservation. Hunting is also existing in their culture but it is in a modest way. It describes the perspective of Bodo people in wildlife management and wildlife conservation at south-western habitats of Manas National Park. This study finds the question of how and why the community protects wildlife. The Bodos are habitat surrounding Manas national park and taking care of wildlife indigenously. As a result, the community cultural belief system indirectly contributes value to the broader objectives of biodiversity and wildlife conservation. Their belief, indigenous knowledge, taboos and rituals do not have front line conservationists’ characteristics or scientific methodologies. But the community indicates the softer mechanism of wildlife conservation and management within their understanding. It is an ethnography study to understand the relation of the Bodo community, their practices and wildlife.
	The Historical Ecology of a Sts’ailes First Nation Forest Garden, SW British Columbia First Author: Vanier , Sage Presentation format: Poster display (live) Author(s): Vanier , Sage - Simon Fraser University Ritchie , Morgan - Sts'ailes Nation Lepofsky , Dana - Simon Fraser University Lawrence , Darius - Sts'ailes Nation Basran , Kiran - Sts'ailes Nation Armstrong , Chelsey - Simon Fraser University Globally, archaeological sites tend to be associated with plant communities that reflect past land use practices. On the Northwest Coast of North America, forest gardens, anthropogenic legacy ecosystems, are characterized by high concentrations of perennial fruit and nut trees and shrubs, herbaceous root food crops, and medicines. For the Sts’ailes Nation in southern British Columbia, such ecosystem legacies are evident around ancient settlements nestled between sloughs along the Harrison River. In collaboration with a Sts’ailes eco-cultural restoration project, we explore the historical ecology of one such area by using a variety of methods including vegetation surveys, soil charcoal, GPS mapping, historical air photos, tree coring, and interviews with Sts'ailes knowledge-holders. Our results show that culturally important tree species are at least 130 years old, while archaeological evidence indicates that people have occupied this spot for at least 2500 years. Interviews demonstrate connections to place, and management which continues today.
	“Where Creator has my feet, there I will be responsible”: Exploring urban Indigenous food sovereignty initiatives in southwestern Ontario First Author: Miltenburg , Elisabeth Presentation format: Poster display (live) Author(s): Miltenburg , Elisabeth - University of Guelph Indigenous Peoples across Turtle Island have sustained themselves since time immemorial through thriving local place-based food systems. There is an emerging movement of Indigenous food sovereignty (IFS) initiatives taking place in Grand River Territory, located in present-day southwestern Ontario, Canada. Indigenous participants engaged in local IFS initiatives were interviewed (n=7) to explore how the urban environment impacts local IFS efforts and discussed opportunities to strengthen this work. Thematic analysis revealed IFS initiatives centered around Land-based knowledge and relationships. The urban environment impacts access to land, which can pose as a challenge for IFS initiatives to flourish. Despite this, land and food-based practices are being implemented in the city to grow, harvest, process and distribute food in community through acts of reciprocity that honour relationships and responsibility to the land. These efforts demonstrate a pathway towards Indigenous self-determination and resurgence in colonized spaces.

Time (UTC-7)	Abstract
15:00	Domestic Birds, Game Birds, Pet Birds, and Other Birds in Quintana Roo Maya Culture First Author: Anderson , Eugene Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Anderson , Eugene - University of California, Riverside The Yucatec Maya of Quintana Roo know and recognize over a hundred species of birds. Three are common domesticates. Several larger wild birds are occasional game birds. Many species are kept as pets. Some birds, largely nocturnal, are evil omens. Others are used in love magic. All birds except the worst omens are appreciated and considered delightful. This paper will concentrate on food uses of domestic and game birds.
15:12	Fowl as Food in Religions with African Antecedents in Cuba First Author: Martínez-Betancourt , Julio Ismael Presentation format: Oral (pre-recorded) Author(s): Martínez-Betancourt , Julio Ismael - Jardín Botánico Nacional, Universidad de La Habana, Cuba In Cuban religions with African antecedents (mainly in the Orisa Religion), fowl are offered to the deities and eaten by the participants in post-ritual festivities. The objective of this presentation is to describe and analyze the relationship of birds with deities and humans, their Yoruba names, used part and form of use. Information was obtained through open-ended interviews to religious practitioners and participant observation. Birds and their consecrated deities are: roosters (Phasianidae) to Eleguá, white pigeons (Columbidae) to Obatala, yellow hens to Oṣun, black hens to Orúnmila, ducks (Anatidae) to Yemayá and guinea fowl (Numididae) to Babalú Ayé. The bird corresponding to each deity has a close archetypal relationship with it, either by color, habitat or its role in cosmogonic or etiological myths. Other structures and fluids involved in rituals are feathers, eggs, viscera and blood. When birds are used in ritual cleansing, they are not consumed by people.
15:24	Past and Present of the Ornithological Gastronomy of Iztapalapa, Mexico First Author: Manzanero-Medina , Gladys Isabel Presentation format: Oral (pre-recorded) Author(s): Manzanero-Medina , Gladys Isabel - CIIDIR-Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Unidad Oaxaca Vásquez-Dávila , Marco Antonio - Instituto Tecnológico del Valle de Oaxaca Iztapalapa is located in the Valley of Mexico in the basin of Lake Texcoco, a brackish water lake. In this Nahuatl territory there were chinampas from pre-Hispanic times until the mid-twentieth century. Vegetables, flowers, corn and beans were grown in these man-made islets. In these lands and in the shallow waters of the lake various migratory water birds were trapped or hunted for food purposes (e.g., ducks, chichicuilotes, geese and coots). The ornithological gastronomy of Iztapalapa was and continues to be very diversified in terms of the use of wild and domesticated birds. Nowadays, pipianes and moles (both red and green) are complex dishes that can contain duck, goose, turkey or chicken meat. Before the desiccation of the lake occurred and the government expropriated the chinampas, the coots and chichicuilotes were consumed. In this paper we will talk about these recipes and their permanence in the current cuisine of Iztapalapa.
15:36	Ts'ecélemcw: Secwepemc Eagles as (former) people eaters First Author: Ignace , Ronald Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Ignace , Ronald - Simon Fraser University and Skeetchestn Indian Band (Secwepemc Nation) Ignace , Marianne - Simon Fraser University and Skeetchestn Indian Band (Secwepemc Nation) In the Secwepemc way of thinking of, and interacting with, spel̓̓qwéqs (Bald Eagles) and spi7úy (Golden Eagles) on our land, we first must think back to what our ancient stories, stsptekwll, tell us about human-eagle interactions. They involve people-eating eagles, our ancient transformers vanquishing their powers, and marking the beginning of eagle feathers becoming signs of human power, truthfulness, and chiefly authority. How can we make sense of these stories? Beyond face-values, in both physical ways of species interactions and holistic and metaphysical ways of how our ancestors construed interrelations, what do they tell us about our ancestors‘ interactions with Eagles as animals, but also as powerful beings on the land? In this paper we will explore Secwepemc-Eagle interactions, their symbolism, what Eagles and humans consume, and how this guides us into the future as we hope to continue to coexist with them.
15:48	Animating the Earth: The Turkey in Ch’orti’ Mayan Myth and Ritual First Author: Hull , Kerry Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Hull , Kerry - Brigham Young University Fergus , Rob - Department of Geography, Planning, and Sustainability: Rowan University For the Ch’orti’ Maya of southern Guatemala, turkeys are the most sacred and revered of birds. In this paper, we explain the mythological underpinnings that elevate the turkey in Ch’orti’ society. We link the mythic execution of the god Katata’, whose avatar is the turkey, to agricultural rituals among Ch’orti’ Maya. We show how these field ceremonies are re-enactments of the moment the God of Agriculture was sacrificed in distant times. We further argue that the act of pouring turkey blood into holes in the four corners and center of the cornfield symbolically “impregnates” the field, representing the moment germination occurs to create a fecund field. Turkey blood “animates” the ground, by “feeding” the Earth God, which is likely an extension of the symbolism of turkey blood and corn among the Ch’orti’. Finally, place turkey in a larger ritual context by describing their use as food in various other ceremonies.
16:00	“If It Runs, Swims or Flies, Throw It in the Pot”: Differential Fowl Consumption in Three Ethnic Groups in Southern Oaxaca, Mexico First Author: Vásquez-Dávila , Marco Antonio Presentation format: Oral (pre-recorded) Author(s): Vásquez-Dávila , Marco Antonio - Instituto Tecnológico del Valle de Oaxaca Vásquez-Cruz , Rosalinda - Instituto Tecnológico del Valle de Oaxaca Cruz-Jacinto , Marco A. - Instituto Tecnológico del Valle de Oaxaca Manzanero-Medina , Gladys Isabel - CIIDIR-Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Unidad Oaxaca The incorporation of birds in the human diet dates from prehistory and it is a common practice worldwide. To obtain birds, our ancestors began hunting birds and collecting eggs; subsequently they invented poultry farming. The turkey was domesticated in pre-Hispanic Mexico and later native cultures incorporated chickens as food in the 16th century. The fowl eaten in Oaxaca are domestic and wild: chickens, turkeys, ducks, chachalacas, pigeons, quail, among others. The ethnic territory inhabited by the Huaves, Chontales and Zapotecos is the Sierra Sur and the Pacific coast and there is a birdlife historically shared by them. Each cultural tradition makes differential use of birds. Chontales, known for their hunting tradition, use more birds (n = 13) than Zapotec farmers (n = 10) and these, in turn, eat more birds than the Huave fishermen (n = 6). In summary, Mesoamerican societies eat fowl according to their cultural traditions.

Time (UTC-7)	Abstract
15:00	Practicing agroecology in rural Japan: the naming of farms and plants First Author: Obari , Mariko Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Obari , Mariko - University of Tsukuba To understand agroecology’s configuration of human and non-human relations, one requires an interdisciplinary and holistic approach. Since agroecologists claim that the conservation of biodiversity and cultural diversity go hand in hand, agroecology invites study through the lens of anthropology. Agroforestry is one of the significant practices of agroecology, which is a land-use system integrating forestry and agriculture. Japan has a longstanding history of using forest resources for farming, as traditional settlements are usually surrounded by forests and mountains. One could argue that there is no clear boundary between forests and farms in Japanese agroecosystems. This research examines such agroecosystems in rural Japan, with reference to my ethnographic fieldwork in a satoyama village in the Ibaraki Prefecture. With the discussion of how people give names to farms and plants, the study will explore how the sustainability of local food system is pursued in the time of coronavirus crisis.
15:12	Niche Construction and Indigenous Concepts of Creation First Author: Pierotti , Raymond Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Pierotti , Raymond - University of Kansas, Lawrence In recent years there have been attempts to examine Ethnobiology from an evolutionary perspective. I discuss several potential sources of confusion in applying Evolutionary concepts to Ethnobiology. There has been little acknowledgment of how the field of biological evolution is changing in the 21st Century. In this presentation I focus on Niche Construction, a 21st century concept that argues that organisms shape their own environments along with those of other species. This concept can be considered in terms of the Creation stories of Indigenous Peoples, which emphasize the role of ecosystem processes. This creates a new way of looking at how Natural Selection can act upon how multiple organisms impact the survival and existence of other species. I discuss an example from Western Science that illustrates how a single organism, recognized as a creator by Indigenous Nations can transform an ecosystem through niche construction.
15:24	Examining snowshoes across time and space, variations on a theme in Northwestern North America First Author: Main Johnson , Leslie Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Main Johnson , Leslie - Athabasca University Snowshoes enable travel over land and frozen waterways in places with substantial winter snow. Without snowshoes, hunting and other subsistence activities, travel and trade would be difficult or impossible in the winter season. Extending earlier ethnographic work, I have examined snowshoes in museum collections over the past few years to get a better sense of factors influencing snowshoe design in Northwestern North America. I present results that show association of snowshoe design with specific cultures, with varying landscapes, with different types of use, ages and gender, with available materials, and over the time of record (in western North America from the first half of the 19^th Century through the early 21^st Century). With the introduction of the snow machine, and with contemporary synthetic materials this formerly essential technology is in danger of disappearance, although traditional snowshoes remain iconic of the North and of Canada.
15:36	Historical Ecology of Indigenous Forest Gardens in the Pacific Northwest First Author: Armstrong , Chelsey Geralda Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Armstrong , Chelsey Geralda - Simon Fraser University Land-use scientists increasingly recognize that ecological and anthropogenic forces have long interacted in complex ways, forming many of the landscapes we observe today. In the Pacific Northwest, historical land-use has resulted in Indigenous forest gardens: ecosystems dominated by edible fruit, nut, and berry producing trees and shrubs and managed by Indigenous peoples in the past and which continue to grow at archaeological village sites today. This presentation will provide an overview of forest garden ethnoecology, archaeology, paleoethnobotany, and functional ecology at two village sites in Gitselasu (Ts’msyen) and Sts’ailes (Coast Salish) communities (in so-called British Columbia). This relatively new research contributes to a growing body of evidence which reveals the ways in which humans can have positive effects on their lived landscapes and supports descendant communities seeking to re-integrate land-based foodways and livelihoods in unprecedented times.
15:48	The Ethnobiology and Social Roles of Maasai Honey Wine, Enaisho Namuka First Author: Heckelsmiller , Cynthiann Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Heckelsmiller , Cynthiann - Washington State University Lightner , Aaron - Washington State University In the semi-arid forests and savannahs of East Africa, Maasai pastoralists tend bees as well as cattle. Men collect and ferment honey with various plant materials to make enaisho namuka, honey wine. Using participant observation and ethnographic interviews from our 2020 field work with a Maasai community in Northeast Tanzania, we build on historical accounts to present the modern production and use of honey wine. Production requires detailed ecological knowledge to harvest honey and prepare the brew. Beyond the medicinal value of its ingredients, we also examine the social and ecological relationships the beverage represents within Maasai communities. Particularly, we use examples of how people use drinking the brew as an occasion to connect members of the community, often to smooth over disputes between members of opposing agesets. As social and environmental changes introduce new challenges to a conservatively traditional society, we discuss the role of honey wine in negotiating cultural and environmental changes.
16:00	The Habshis and the Hornbills: ethno-ecologies of threatened tropical landscapes in India First Author: Kulkarni , Apoorva Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Kulkarni , Apoorva - University of Oxford Gosler , Andrew - University of Oxford In the Western Ghats of India, one of the eight hottest biodiversity hotspots in the world, inhabit the Habshis (Siddis), an ethnic African diaspora. The forest has been their home for 400 years and they are entirely dependent on it for their livelihoods. In recent times, the landscapes are being modified with developmental activities leading not only to the loss of biodiversity and livelihoods, but also traditional ecological knowledge of the community. Indigenous knowledge can largely aid in informing biodiversity conservation. About 510 species of birds are documented from the Western Ghats, several being endemic and threatened due to habitat loss. This preliminary study documents the tribe’s ethno-ecological knowledge and relationship with endangered, large-bodied avian seed-dispersers, the hornbills, that play a crucial role in forest regeneration. It emphasises on the importance of ecological, cultural, linguistic and spiritual inter-relatedness of human-bird-plant interaction and its preservation, for sustaining healthy ecosystems and livelihoods.

Time (UTC-7)	Abstract
15:00	Traditional Ecological Knowledge in India: A Review First Author: Deshwal , Anant Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Deshwal , Anant - University of Tennessee Kulkarni , Apoorva Kulkarni - University of Oxford Gosler , Andrew - University of Oxford Even though India has numerous indigenous communities, the published material on Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) is minimal. We document the current state of TEK-related studies in India using Google Scholar and Web of Science. We categorized the results based on collection methods, the scale of TEK collection, and the perseverance of TEK. TEK was more often collected for medicinal or edible plants as compared to other taxa. Few studies recorded TEK holistically at an integrated landscape scale as opposed to the utilitarian taxonomic approach. The reported cultural and ecological significance of TEK for communities was biased by data collection methods. Lastly, we report the efficacy of keywords (e.g., Ethnobiology, Ethnoecology) and search engines in TEK literature search, e.g., Ethnobiology in Google Scholar yielded 70% studies on medicine, 23.3% on edible plants, 3.3% on snakebites, and 3.3% on taxonomy. However, significantly different proportions were obtained using different search terms such as Ethnoecology.
15:12	Exploring Local Perceptions of the Invasive Plant Zingiber spectabile in San Vito, Costa Rica First Author: Pardo , Christine Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Pardo , Christine - University of Miami Ruiz Morales , Gustavo - Universidad Hispanoamericana Shriver-Rice , Meryl - University of Miami Controlling the spread of invasive species requires understanding local perceptions. In 1969, the species Zingiber spectabile was introduced from Malaysia to the Wilson Botanical Garden in San Vito, Costa Rica. Growing concern over this species in recent years is due to its dominance in the region’s remaining tropical forests. However, this species is also left to thrive in forests to be harvested for floral arrangements used in churches and local celebrations. By combining interviews with florists, farmers, gardeners, naturalists, scientists, and private forest owners, I will present the current findings of my research that seeks to understand how the local community perceives this species and its invasion. My preliminary findings show how the perception of Z. spectabile as an invasive species is not shared. Interview responses indicate how perceptions depend on ecological knowledge, prior experiences, ideas of beauty, and a sense of what belongs in a tropical forest.
15:24	Japanese Tsurushibina Folk Art as Biocultural Code: TEK Embodied in the Silk Scraps Amulets* First Author: Ermilova , Mariia Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Ermilova , Mariia - Chiba University Graduate School of Horticulture Terada , Mitsunari - Chiba University Graduate School of Horticulture Japanese folk art Tsurushibina is a hanging decoration with amulets handmade from kimono silk by women to their daughters and granddaughters on Girl’s Day (Hinamatsuri). Decorations from the Izu-Inatori area (one of three originating places of Tsurushibina) include 14 plant and 18 animal species. Why were some particular plant and animal species included in the amulet? We hypothesise that the amulet’s symbolism reflects the long-term interaction of the people with biodiversity. Analyzing interviews and literature in Japanese, we found that protective symbolism arises from sound (play-on-words), color, shape, and characteristics of the natural object, which women wish to give to their child, and often contains TEK. It is also related with Shintoism and Buddhism. This study suggests that protective symbolism of plant components in ornaments is associated with TEK, e.g. use of these plant components for food and medicine. We call this the "biocultural code".
15:36	“Our Boat Was Always Full of Fishes”: Changes in Wild Fish Consumption in the Laguna Lake, Luzon, Philippines First Author: Mendoza , Jimlea Nadezhda Presentation format: Oral (pre-recorded) Author(s): Mendoza , Jimlea Nadezhda - Tagalog Fisher Community of Mabato Asufre; Ca 'Foscari University of Venice Mattalia , Giulia - Ca 'Foscari University of Venice Prūse , Baiba - Ca 'Foscari University of Venice Kochalski , Sophia - Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology, Inland Fisheries Ciriaco , Aimee - Kabulusan Integrated National High School Sõukand , Renata - Ca 'Foscari University of Venice The study of Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK) held by fishers is crucial for better understanding the dynamics of the aquatic ecosystems in which they live. This is especially relevant for those contexts that experience major environmental changes, despite providing crucial ecosystem services. This research aims to explore the LEK held by freshwater fishers of the Laguna Lake, Philippines, regarding its environmental changes including fish species caught and changes in their food use. We conducted 30 semi-structured interviews with experienced fishers. Fishers reported that less fish is captured now than in their earliest fishing activities. Likewise, the main drivers of this change are overfishing, aquaculture, fishkill, the introduction of invasive species, decrease of fish habitats, increased water turbidity. In this pre-recorded presentation, we will listen the narratives linked with fisheries and freshwaters from the voices of indigenous fishers as well as young members of the local community.
15:48	Across the Pacific: Parallels in Ethnobotanical Knowledge of Ainu and Indigenous Peoples of Northwestern North America First Author: Williams , Dai Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Williams , Dai Turner , Nancy - University of Victoria The Ainu were historically a hunting, fishing, and gathering society that, at various times, occupied territory in what are now known as Hokkaido, Sakhalin, and the Kuril Archipelago. With our mutual interest in ethnobotany, we compare some common features of traditional plant knowledge and use between Ainu and Northwestern North American First Peoples. While there is no evidence of direct communication or knowledge exchange in the histories of these peoples, there are some intriguing parallels and similarities across species and genera (e.g. Fritillaria camschatcensis as carbohydrate rich food; Taxus wood for bows; Urtica for cordage and nets and Typha for mats), likely due to the properties of the plants themselves, but possibly deriving from some ancient common ancestral knowledge.
16:00	Use, Management, and Potential Climate Resilience of Traditional Wheat and Barley Seed Mixtures in Ethiopian Highland Agriculture First Author: McAlvay , Alex Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): McAlvay , Alex - New York Botanical Garden Feseha , Tesfanesh - Addis Ababa University Jordan Davalos , Juan Pablo - Cornell University DiPaola , Anna - Cornell University D'Andrea , A. Catherine - Simon Fraser University Dejen , Asmare - Wollo University Tewolde-Berhan , Sarah - Mekelle University Woldeyes Gamo , Feleke - Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute Asfaw , Zemede - Addis Ababa University Ruelle , Morgan - Clark University Power , Alison - Cornell University Smallholder farmers in Ethiopia rely on a diversity of crop species and varieties to maintain household food security and income in the context of climate change. In the northern highlands, many farmers sow mixtures of wheat and barley that are believed to enhance yield stability, however, farmers’ knowledge, use, and management of these mixtures have not been documented. We conducted 105 structured and 21 semi-structured interviews with farmers in as well as market surveys and semi-structured interviews with local agricultural administrators in Amhara and Tigray regions. Mixtures included up to four barley and two wheat varieties in a single field. Farmers reported that mixtures were more drought (14.6%) and disease (13.5%) tolerant, and of superior taste (25.6%) than sole-cropped varieties but were declining due to government-incentives to plant monocultures. We recommend participatory characterization of these mixtures before rushing to replace them with newly introduced varieties.

Time (UTC-7)	Abstract
13:00	Heritage Seeds for Sustainable Lifeways (Maize in the Blue): Tribal-University Collaborative Research First Author: Herron , Scott Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Herron , Scott - Ferris State University; Matthaei Botanical Gardens and Nichols Arboretum Michener , David - University of Michigan Matthaei Botanical Gardens and Nichols Arboretum Cornelius , Dan - Intertribal Agriculture Council Young , Lisa - University of Michigan Martin , Shannon - Executive Director, Cultural Pathways Group LLC This project convened over 4 years an interdisciplinary, problem-solving team of University of Michigan, Anishinaabe (Tribal), and plant specialists to identify issues and develop protocols for sharing of heritage seeds and associated archival information currently curated in University collections. Goals were to determine how collections can be innovatively used in partnership with the Anishinaabe, and how to assess the viability and vigor of archived seeds. The group addressed questions of how universities and Anishinaabe can collaborate on sustainable lifeway initiatives in indigenous communities. For three years project partners donated seeds of culturally critical maize varieties (yellow flour corn, Red Lake flint corn, and Fox blue corn) along with varieties of squash (Gete okosmin and Potawatomi watermelon), and select bean and tobacco species. The successes of 3 years of growing at the Matthaei Botanical Gardens has strengthened tribal-university relationships to a historic level in Michigan.
13:12	Plant and Animal talk in Secwepemctsin First Author: Ignace , Marianne Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Ignace , Marianne - Simon Fraser University Ignace , Ronald - Skeetchestn Indian Band & Simon Fraser University Secwepemc ethnobotany has been studied by Palmer (1975), Ignace, Turner and Peacock (2016) and by Turner, Ignace and Loewen (forthcoming), based on collaborations with many past and present elders. We address how thinking and talking about plants and animals in our language furthers our understanding about experience and perceptions of human-plant-animal interactions and landscape. Secwepemctsin, the Shuswap language, has no lexical root taxa that are coterminous with “plant” and “animal,” however, a variety of lexical suffixes rather than lexical roots classify plants and animals into taxa that indicate vascular plants, mycelium networks and other observed salient features. Terminology and taxonomy only represent one aspect of discourse about life-forms. We find interesting clues about ecological interrelationships in narratives where humans, plants and animals interact with one another. These, often subtly, give us insights that we can connect to both Indigenous and western knowledge systems.
13:24	Peculiarities and Convergence in Edible Mushroom Foraging of Setos and Russians in Pechorsky District of Pskov Oblast, NW Russia First Author: Belichenko , Olga Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Belichenko , Olga - Ca' Foscari University of Venice The set of edible mushrooms within a culture can be quite conservative, as there is a risk of poisoning from unknown or poorly recognized mushrooms. Yet there are changes observed in mushroom collection throughout 20 century. Mushrooms constitute an integral part of the diet of Setos, a small indigenous people in the Russian-Estonian borderland. They speak a dialect of Estonian and practice Orthodox Christianity. Orthodox diet prescribes numerous fasts throughout a year and mushrooms are considered a common replacement for meat. In summer 2018-19 we interviewed 25 Setos and 34 Russians about the collected mushrooms and any changes in their repertoire and preparation. The interviews were conducted upon an informed consent. While Setos revealed special preference for Russula spp., in recent decades they started to consume the same species of mushrooms as recently acquired by Russians, Macrolepiota sp. and Cortinarius sp. This research has been supported by ERC-StG-2016-DiGe.
13:36	Let it Grow (Back): The Cultural, Ecological and Economic Importance of Secondary Forests in Costa Rica First Author: Shebitz , Daniela Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Shebitz , Daniela - Kean University Kerns , Steven Ha , Juyoung - Kean University Secondary forests comprise over half of existing tropical forests globally. They support a great diversity of species and sequester carbon at a higher rate than old-growth forests because the trees grow more rapidly. In the Northern Zone of Costa Rica, many tree, understory, and liana species in the secondary forests provide medicinal value to the rural communities where western medical care is difficult to access. Recent research, however, has shown that secondary forests are re-cleared before they have accumulated the previously lost biomass and biodiversity, many only given 20 years to recover. This paper highlights the importance of secondary forests to a community called Boca Tapada, in Costa Rica. Some species with medicinal attributes are highlighted (ie. Pentaclethra macrophylla, Vismia macroloba and Aechmea magdalenae) for their cultural and ecological roles in the forests, and economic aspects of conserving the forests instead of clearing them are evaluated.
13:48	Linking Global Change with Global Health: Making and Unmaking Freshwater on Sumba Island in Indonesia’s Arid Southeast First Author: Fowler , Cynthia Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Fowler , Cynthia - Wofford College In this presentation, I employ biosocial theory to frame concerns about legitimacy in the governance, management, and use of freshwater on Sumba Island. Of special concern is water grabbing, which has increased during the previous 21 years on Sumba. Under what conditions of legitimacy is water grabbing occurring? What are the everyday practices and multiscale processes through which freshwater, and legitimate or illegitimate authority over freshwater, are made and remade in Sumba’s semi-arid landscape? To answer these questions, I combine basic spatial, ecological, and cultural descriptions of freshwater with information drawn from remotely sensed spatial data and data collected from documents published by academics, government agencies, corporations, and the news media. My explorations are directed towards understanding the impacts of multiscale processes on the changing management of freshwater their links to the wellbeing of Sumbanese people because the availability of freshwater--while variable--limits the wellbeing of Sumba Islanders.
14:00	“We are the Bay”: Supporting Indigenous Food Sovereignty through Zooarchaeology in Coastal Washington* First Author: Antoniou , Anna Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Antoniou , Anna - American Philosophical Society How can we, as scholars, advocate for those who have lost crucial parts of their cultural heritage? How do we serve as allies in their cultural sustainability efforts? Indigenous archaeology provides the materials by which descendant communities can imagine how past practices may inspire a healthy, culturally rich, and self-determined future. In this paper, I present a case study of research conducted with, for, and by the Shoalwater Bay Indian Tribe and Chinook Indian Nation. This research integrates a zooarchaeological understanding of past subsistence practices into their efforts to revitalize traditional foodways, reclaim legal rights to marine resources, and improve dietary health. I explore the potentials and pitfalls of integrating archaeology into Indigenous communities’ food sovereignty initiatives. I share our success in using archaeology as a physical link to the communities’ ancestors and our ongoing struggles to use archaeological data to advocate for Indigenous rights within a state-centered system.

Time (UTC-7)	Abstract
13:00	Cultural Landscapes Along the Venango Path: Vignettes from the 18th century First Author: Williams , Charles Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Williams , Charles - Columbia Southern University The Venango Path was a Native American pathway in western Pennsylvania that ran from the Forks of the Ohio north to the village of Venango at the mouth of French Creek, thence through the French Creek Valley to Presque Isle near Lake Erie. The Venango Path was an important north-south “landscape of movement” for Native Americans and Europeans alike, facilitating trade, migration and settlement, and military activities. Using journals and maps of surveyors and military expeditions from the 18^th century, I examined evidence for cultural landscapes along the Venango Path, influenced by Native American land use. Oak barrens, largely produced by burning, were frequently noted by travelers along the southern Venango Path. In the glaciated valley of French Creek along the northern Venango Path, the landscapes were rich and varied, including savannas, prairies and diverse forests, suggesting a range of Native American land use practices - burning and perhaps agroforestry.
13:12	“Sa vosa na Vanua” - The Land Speaks: Indigenous Agriculture Knowledge (IAK): Philosophy of life Values & Epistemology and Relationship to Indigenous Kumala Agriculture Farming in Ra. First Author: Leweniqila , Ilisoni Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Leweniqila , Ilisoni - School of Agriculture & Environment, Massey University, NZ The purpose of this research is to develop and deepen understanding about how the Indigenous Agriculture Knowledge or Traditional Knowledge in a Fijian way of life influences agriculture farming, with a particular focus on traditional ecological knowledge and its relevance in kumala farming in Ra province in Fiji. This adaptation can be achieved by using the Fijian Vanua Research Framework that will enable a way forward. In this research, I adapt Berke’s knowledge-practice-belief complex (2008) of TEK to discuss TEK’s role in Kumala Agricultural farming in the traditional Fijian context under four components, values and beliefs, practices, skills, and knowledge. Indigenous knowledge exists in various areas of the Fijian way of life such as health, spiritual beliefs, and environmental survival. The indigenous Fijians TEK on seasons is captured in the traditional calendar outlining “sources of food available at different times”. Keywords: Traditional Ecological Knowledge, Food Security, Climate Smart Agriculture, Kumala, and Vanua Research Framework
13:24	Improved Methods for the Reliable Extraction of Phytoliths Using Heavy Sonication Protocols First Author: Wade , Kali Presentation format: Oral (pre-recorded) Author(s): Wade , Kali - Atlatl Archaeology Ltd. Dunseth , Zachary C. - Brown University, Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology and the Ancient World Plekhov , Daniel - Brown University, Joukowsky institute for Archaeology and the Ancient World Phytolith analysis is increasingly used to address a range of archaeological research questions. While greater transparency and standardized identifications have been developed, a lack of standardized processing protocols persists due to the varied nature of the sediments and soils from which phytoliths are sampled. In well preserved contexts, phytoliths might be easily extracted with minimal alterations to the sediments and soils in question. In silty clay-rich sediments or soils, the increased use of dangerous chemicals, deflocculation agents, sonication, etc., may be necessary to separate phytoliths from the matrix. Here, we present additional details and suggestions for the sonication method(s) outlined by Lombardo and colleagues and urge phytolith researchers to consider, justify, and clearly report their processing protocols. We argue that clarifying processing protocols will lead to greater transparency in laboratory methods, more reliable production of clearer microscopy slides and, in turn, more confident morphological identifications and phytolith densities
13:36	Coastal Settlement and Land Use at Humqaq: A Cultural Keystone Place First Author: Rick , Torben Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Rick , Torben - Smithsonian Institution Braje , Todd - San Diego State University Easterday , Kelly - The Nature Conservancy Graham , Lain - ESRI Hofman , Courtney - University of Oklahoma Holguin , Brian - University of California, Santa Barbara Reeder-Myers , Leslie - Temple University Reynolds , Mark - The Nature Conservancy The places people live and spend time are steeped in history and have direct connections to cultural practices, ritual, daily life, and environmental interactions. Cultural Keystone Places (CKP) are important landscapes that are imbued with people’s identity, history, and ecology. We identify Humqaq or Point Conception, California as a Chumash CKP. Ethnohistoric accounts and contemporary Chumash community members have long demonstrated the importance of Point Conception in Chumash worldview and identity. Recent archaeological survey of the coastline surrounding Humqaq highlights these connections, identifying over 50 archaeological sites and at least 9000 years of occupation. Point Conception is also an area of high biological diversity, an important marine and terrestrial biogeographical boundary, and an area of conservation priority. We discuss the results of our archaeological research and ongoing collaborations between archaeologists, The Nature Conservancy, and Chumash community members for understanding the past, present, and future of Humqaq.
13:48	People, Earthworks, and Forests: A Study of Socio-Ecological Relationships in the Pre-Columbian Lower Mississippi Valley First Author: Ward , Grace Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Ward , Grace - Washington University in St. Louis We now recognize that the ecology of many of the world’s forests reflects millennia of indigenous hunting, gathering and agriculture. Much of the research supporting this assertion has been conducted under the frameworks of historical and political ecology in regions like the Amazon basin, where legacy forests survive as socio-ecological palimpsests. Drawing from research on Archaic hunter-gatherers in the Lower Mississippi Valley of the United States, I argue that these frameworks fall short when applied to the longue durée of ecological systems erased by European colonialism and modern development. To compensate for the loss of cultural information encoded in legacy ecologies, I advocate greater articulation with research on hunter-gatherer societies and their variable social relations of production. In the archaeological record of the Lower Mississippi Valley Archaic, earthworks and paleoethnobotanical remains provide proxies for these relationships, permitting a study of regional historical ecology focused on social organization.
14:00	Seascape Features, Gwatle Situated Activity, and Cultural Keystone Places in the Aru Islands, Indonesia First Author: Gordon , A. Ross Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Gordon , A. Ross - St. Stephen's College This talk reviews a rich lexicon of littoral seascape feature terms recorded in seven Gwatle fishing villages in the Aru Islands, Indonesia. We provide context and ethnographic details of Gwatle marine resource harvesting, notably pearl oyster diving. Gwatle littoral sea tenure zones are assessed as designates for Cultural Keystone Places, a metaphorical term and concept for sites of long-intense interactions between a community and their biophysical environment. Such recognition supports cultural diversity, conservation ecology, and tenure. We focus on Gwatle people’s interactive activities with named seascape features. This novel assessment of littoral marine seas as Cultural Keystone Places contributes to the robustness of the concept and to the ethnophysiography of seascape environments.

Time (UTC-7)	Abstract
14:45	Inventory of Medicinal Plants in Atan Okansoso Village, Apa, Badagry, Lagos State, Nigeria First Author: Sharaibi , Olubunmi Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Sharaibi , Olubunmi - Lagos State University. This study was conducted at Apa town, a suburban area in Badagry Local Government area of Lagos State, Nigeria. The aim was to identify plants used for medicinal purposes in the study area and recommend strategies for their conservation. Six plots were randomly selected in the study area and transect method was used. A total of 103 plant species belonging to 52 families were identified. They include trees, shrubs, climbers and herbs and are used for treatment of different diseases and ailments. Some are also used as insectides, pesticides and as anti-inflammatory agent. Effective conservation strategies include proper training of locals on collection techniques, allocation of communal lands for medicinal plants farms and creating awareness by Government and relevant agencies on the need to conserve these medicinal plants.
14:57	Divergent Patterns of Erosion of Ethnoveterinary Knowledge in Eastern European Borderlands First Author: Mattalia , Giulia Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Mattalia , Giulia - Ca' Foscari University of Venice Belichenko , Olga - Ca' Foscari University of Venice Kalle , Raivo - University of Gastronomic Sciences Kolosova , Valeria - Ca' Foscari University of Venice Kuznetsova , Natalia - Ca' Foscari University of Venice Prakofjewa , Julia - Ca' Foscari University of Venice Stryamets , Nataliya - Ca' Foscari University of Venice Pieroni , Andrea - University of Gastronomic Sciences Volpato , Gabriele - University of Gastronomic Sciences Sõukand , Renata - Ca' Foscari University of Venice In many societies, livestock significantly contributes to people’s food security. In the rural contexts of Eastern Europe, the health care of a family used to extend until recently also to that of their livestock. We investigated current and past ethnoveterinary practices in nine rural borderland areas of Eastern Europe and discussed what factors may have contributed to the persistence/erosion of ethnoveterinary knowledge in those contexts. Over 500 interviews conducted in eight countries revealed the use of over 90 plants for ethnoveterinary purposes, although, in most contexts, ethnoveterinary knowledge is quickly eroding mainly due to the decline in family farming following major socio-political changes and centralization/intensification of livestock husbandry. In contrast, in the Carpathian region, ethnoveterinary practices persist likely due to its geographical isolation. We conclude that such vanishing knowledge and practices can serve as a key as they have the potential to improve animal welfare while providing healthier animal products.
15:10	On pickles: Biological and sociocultural links between fermented foods and the human gut microbiome First Author: Flachs , Andrew Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Flachs , Andrew - Purdue University Orkin , Joseph - Universitat Pompeu Fabra-CSIC Fermented foods are produced from microbial reactions that depend on local environmental conditions, fermentation practices, and the manner in which foods are prepared and consumed. These interactions are of special interest to ethnobiologists because they link investigations of how people shape and know the world around them. In this presentation, we report on data collected at a fermentation revivalist workshop in Tennessee. To ask how fermentation traditions are learned and influence macro and micro ecologies, we conducted interviews and participated in a four-day craft fermentation workshop, and then collected both fermented food products and stool samples from workshop participants eating those fermented foods. We identify 25 genera as having likely crossed between foods and guts, report that broad categories of foods have similar microbiological ecologies with variation within them, and connect these genetic results to subtle variations in preparation, flavor, and culturally defined taste.
15:22	Ethnoveterinary Medicine for Poultry in the Pacific Lowlands of Guatemala First Author: Snively-Martinez , Amy Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Snively-Martinez , Amy - Wenatchee Valley College Research was conducted to understand ethnoveterinary medicine used for poultry in a protected mangrove ecosystem located on the Southern Pacific coast of Guatemala. Here, poultry rearing is an important livelihood for women, but access to veterinary services is limited. There is a need to understand local animal healthcare beliefs and practices to improve poultry health. A combination of ethnographic interviews (n=35) and freelist interviews (n=24) were conducted in two communities. Ethnographic research indicated that 40% of households use home remedies for poultry treatment, 57% exclusively use human pharmaceuticals or veterinary medicines, and 3% rely on other methods. Interviews indicate that people are incorporating human antibiotics into their ethnoveterinary practices, which may be replacing knowledge of plant remedies. The antibiotics are readily available locally even though they remain unsuccessful to treat common illnesses for poultry. Human antibiotic use for animals is of concern due to the potential for antimicrobial resistance.
15:34	Medical Ethnobiology and Indigenous Knowledge System of the Rana Tharu Ethnic Group of Kanchanpur Nepal First Author: Awasthi , Balram Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Awasthi , Balram - Tribhuvan University, Siddhanath Science Campus The present study focuses on traditional usage of animals and plants species for medicinal purpose and indigenous knowledge system existing of Rana Tharu a sub-group of Tharu in Nepal. A total of 24 animal species and 73 plant species are used by Rana Tharu people to treat 26 and 45 different ailments, respectively.The elder people also believe and tended to have a positive view toward the conservation of traditional medicine. However, knowledge is transferred orally from one generation to the next by traditional healers. Lack of interest among younger generations and no written records has led to the loss of vital information. Similarly, existence of knowledge is being threatened due to change in life style, easy access to health services, and few local healers left of the Rana Tharu. Thus, in order to protect their knowledge, this study suggests additional awareness dissemination, further documentation, perseveration and promotion of these teachings.
15:46	Substitutions in Traditional Tibetan Medicine: Resiliency and Sustainability First Author: Glover , Denise M. Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Glover , Denise M. - University of Puget Sound Increasing production of traditional medicines worldwide has created increasing pressure on resources, since ingredients used in traditional medicines are generally wild-harvested. In addition to harvesting pressures, conversion of harvesting lands into agricultural lands, overgrazing in harvesting areas, and climate change are also adding pressure to medicinal resources. In this presentation I explore the practice of substitution (tshab) in Tibetan medicine formulation as a resilient, adaptive strategy utilized historically and currently in times of resource scarcity and pressure. This effective resource management strategy is under threat from medical standardization, where flexible use of resources in medicine formulas is not allowed. I argue that to avoid the rigidity trap of standardization, medicine production regulations in China should allow for substitutions in order to help avoid resource collapse.

Time (UTC-7)	Abstract
14:45	From Sea to Stars— Water Cycles in Highland Peru First Author: Sault , Nicole Presentation format: Oral (pre-recorded) Author(s): Sault , Nicole - Sally Glean Center Water is the focus of ceremonial life in the Andes, in a cycle that connects land and sea with the sky and beyond to the stars. The watery cycle reaches up through clouds into the star-filled celestial river and returns through rain, snow, hail, and fog, flowing to mountains, lakes, and rivers, and then passing down to the sea. This watery cycle also connects seaweed and seashells with highland camelids, potatoes, fish, and birds such as condors and flamingos. Their part in this cycle is called upon and honored through ceremonies to protect and encourage the continued flow of water and watery beings. Threats to any part of the cycle can disturb the whole, whether this be due to mining or the climate crisis. As Andean peoples say “water is life”— so any disruption in the flow is a threat to the survival of all.
14:57	Living with water: environmental changes in a floodplain of the Brazilian Amazon First Author: Katz , Esther Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Katz , Esther - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement Lammel , Annamária - Université Paris 8-Saint-Denis-Vincennes Bonnet , Marie-Paule - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement Floodplains of the Amazon river provide abundant resources but are a vulnerable environment. Seasonal floods fertilize the lands where short-cycle plants and fruit trees are cultivated. A profusion of fish can be captured, especially in dry season, when cattle is taken to graze on the uncovered lands. Nevertheless, occasional strong floods can destroy houses and plantations. They used to occur about every 20 years, but now take place every two or three years, reaching water levels previously unrecorded. In recent years, dry seasons have also been drier, impacting local activities. With the example of the Great Lake of Curuaí, a floodplain located near the city of Santarem, we will describe how people perceive and adapt to the environmental changes and also analyze how these changes are intertwined with social, economic and political conditions.
15:10	Water Uses Among Indigenous Peoples of the Atacama Desert in Chile First Author: Castro , Victoria Presentation format: Oral (pre-recorded) Author(s): Castro , Victoria - Universidad de Chile Valenzuela , Daniela - Universidad de Tarapacá-FONDECYT For the Indigenous peoples of the southern Andes, both human and non-human inhabitants of the universe originated from springs. Water has been essential not only for their livelihoods, but also for their social life in general. In many Andean agro-pastoral communities, water shortages can be traced to indiscriminate and abusive extraction for urban and industrial purposes, without consideration for integrated and sustainable solutions. Relentless water extraction has turned wetlands into salt marshes and destroyed a way of life that is inextricably tied to land and water. While many people have been compelled to migrate to urban suburbs, those who remain have been forced to confront punishing changes in water management in order to be able to irrigate their crops. We address water use in the Atacama desert and its central importance as embodied in cultural expressions of both the past and the present.
15:22	Water as an Interspecific Sign First Author: Loodts , Nicolas Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Loodts , Nicolas - UCLouvain/IACCHOS-LAAP-FNRS-FRESH Heron cooperative, located in Belgium, is a small farm that grows vegetables according to the principles of agroecology. Water is central to the life of this farm for watering the different crops. Beyond the obvious, water can be seen as an interspecific sign between humans, plants, and even bacteria. When farmers bring to saturation the soil deeply with water before transplanting tomatoes, they do it to encourage the roots to go deeper. When manure is sprinkled with water in spring in the greenhouses, it starts a considerable fermentation that will warm the greenhouses and allow the sowing. Agroecology is based on an in-depth knowledge of the agroecosystem to guide it by actions seen as signs for the nonhumans. But water is also a sign of changing times. When the drought strikes, farmers have to deal with quasi-constant irrigation, and the lack of water reveals the fragility of the plants as a metaphor for our own fragility.
15:34	The Fight for Sewage Water: Indigenous Resistance in the Chilean Andes First Author: Carrasco , Anita Presentation format: Oral (live) Author(s): Carrasco , Anita - Luther College Likan Tatay is an indigenous community in northern Chile that has a long trajectory of resistance through their fight to reconstruct a traditional village, but in an urban space. In rural villages, community members had once practiced a livelihood involving herding animals and small-scale agriculture for which water and land was fundamental. The encroachment of mining and its water theft, led many rural indigenous peoples to migrate to the city in one of the driest deserts in the world. Not wanting to abandon their connection with water and land, Likan Tatay began as a squatter settlement in the poverty belt of Calama mining town. Initially, community members had little choice but to steal sewage water from the public pipeline to irrigate their crops. Their faith in the powers of the Pachamama played a central role in their successful fight to make a living and practice their culture in the city.
15:46	Keeping the River: Inter-Species Community Wellbeing Prevails in Southern Costa Rica First Author: Montoya-Greenheck , Felipe Presentation format: Oral (pre-recorded) Author(s): Montoya-Greenheck , Felipe - York University The Alexander Skutch Biological Corridor in southern Costa Rica was created through the collective efforts of local community members and other local stakeholders, including academic researchers. In 2004 a private corporation began to plan for the construction of a hydroelectric dam in the Peñas Blancas river that runs through the Corridor, along with a collection of other similar dams in the region. Hydroelectricity is touted as a clean energy, and this reasoning was used to push this project forward. However, community world views and actions were able to protect their river for culturally relevant uses. I recount part of this struggle and how more-than-human inhabitants of the Corridor also played a part in this struggle.

2021 Virtual Conference of the Society of Ethnobiology, May 12–14, 2021

Conference

2021 Conference Program

Wednesday May 12, 2021

Human Relationships with Cycads

Ethnobiology and Therapeutics/Cosmetics

Beyond data: peer-to-peer learning

Ethnobotany

New Histories of Plant Use and Place

E-Ethics Lab: Decolonizing Ethnobiology

Mapping Resources and Cultural Sites: Purposes, Benefits, and Challenges

Ethical Dimensions of Ethnobiology

Thursday May 13, 2021

Collaborative Archaeological and Ethnographic Approaches to Human – Plant Interactions

Fur, Feathers, and Antennae

Indigenous Peoples & Local Communities and Climate Change

Ethnobiology in Mexico / Etnobiología de México (Part I)

Philosophy of Ethnobiology

Tribes of the Southwest & their connections to ethnobotany

Visioning a Diverse, Equitable, and Inclusive SEB: Seeking partnerships with SoE and ISE

Poster Session

Fowl as Food: Rules, Obligations and Ceremonies

Historical Ethnoecology in Practice

Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK)

Guardians of the Forest

Friday, May 14, 2021

Ethnobiology Ethics Lab: Open House

Ethnobiology for Communities

Plants and Landscapes Across Time

Ethnobiology & Health

Ethnobiology in Mexico / Etnobiología de México (Part II)

Water as Life, as Being, and as Person

Conference Menu